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Hypokalemia
Risks:GI loss, diuretics, aminoglycosides, decreased intake.
Symptoms: Muscle weakness, fatigue, N/V, dysrhythmias, flat T waves (ECG)
- Treatment: ECG monitor, administer K+, teach dietary sources of K+.
- NEVER give K+ IV bolus; MUST dilute!
- No P = No K+!
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Hyperkalemia
Risks: Tissue injury, K+-sparing diuretics, renal failure, adrenal insufficiency, increased intake.
Symptoms: Muscle cramps, weakness, paralysis, bradycardia, dysrhythmias, tall T waves (ECG)
- Treatment: ECG monitor, Kayexalate, 50% glucose with insulin, Ca++ Gluconate, loop diuretics, dialysis.
- BS assessment with Kayexalate.
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Hyponatremia
Risks: GI loss, SIADH, adrenal insufficiency, diuretics, water intox, decreased intake.
Symptoms: Weakness, lethargy, confusion, seizures, coma.
- Treatment: Daily weight, assess CNS changes, I/O, administer IVF - hypertonic (acute), isotonic (restore volume), seizure precautions, teach Na+-rich food, if etiology is FVE - restrict fluids.
- Risk with hypertonic solutions - cerebral edema.
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Hypernatremia
- Risks:
- Symptoms:
- Treatment:
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Hypocalcemia
- Risks:
- Symptoms:
- Treatment:
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Hypercalcemia
- Risks:
- Symptoms:
- Treatment:
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Hypomagnesemia
- Risks:
- Symptoms:
- Treatment:
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Hypermagnesemia
- Risks:
- Symptoms:
- Treatment:
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Hypophosphatemia
- Risks:
- Symptoms:
- Treatment:
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Hyperphosphatemia
- Risks:
- Symptoms:
- Treatment:
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