-
glycoside
a compound that contains a sugar as part of the molecule
-
-
mechanism
a combination of things that serve a common function
-
inotropic
affects the force of muscular contractions
-
chronotropic
affects the rate of rhythmic movements, like the heartbeat
-
impulse
a sudden pushing force
-
SA node
- aka sinoatrial node, sinoauricular node, and sinus node
- a small mass of cardiac muscle fibers
- located in the posterior wall of the right atrium
- acts as the pacemaker
-
vagus nerve
the tenth cranial nerve
-
cranial nerves
the twelve pairs of nerves that are connected with the brain
-
compensatory tachycardia
when the heart goes into a state of tachycardia in order to compensate for something else happening to the body, like an overflow of blood to an organ
-
dromotropic
affects the conductivity of a nerve fiber
-
conduction
when a body transmits a flow of electricity or heat
-
nerve fiber
the axon of a nerve cell
-
axon
the long portion of a neuron that conducts impulses away from the cell body
-
AV node
- aka atrioventricular node
- a collection of cardiac fibers
- located at the base of the interatrial septum
- transmits the cardiac impulse initiated by the SA node
-
interatrial septum
the wall between the atria of the heart
-
CHF
congestive heart failure
-
therapeutic range
the range of concentrations that a drug is effective with minimal toxicity
-
apical
pertaining to an apex
-
apex
the tip of a body, organ, or part
-
-
predispose
to make susceptible
-
susceptible
likely to be affected with a disease, infection, or condition
-
toxicity
the quality of being poisonous
-
hypokalemia
low potassium levels in blood
-
hypercalcemia
a high level of calcium in the blood
-
hypoxia
insufficient levels of oxygen in blood or tissue
-
gluconate
the salts of gluconic acid
-
gluconic acid
an acid formed from the oxidation of glucose and other sugars
-
antiarrhythmic
preventing or alleviating arrhythmias
-
calcium salts
substances used to replenish calcium in the body
-
calcium channel blockers
drugs that relax blood vessels and lower blood pressure
-
adrenergic
activated by or capable of releasing epinephrine or an epinephrine-like substance, especially in the sympathetic nervous system
-
adrenaline (epinephrine)
- a chemical that narrows blood vessels and opens airways in the lungs
- can reverse severe low blood pressure, wheezing, severe skin itching, hives, and other symptoms of an allergic reaction injections of this are used to treat anaphylaxis
-
anaphylaxis
rapidly progressing, life-threatening allergic reaction
-
anticholinergics
- treats COPD by keeping muscles in throat from constricting
- keeps airways open
-
parasympathetic nervous system
regulates activities that conserve and restore energy
-
sympathetic nervous system
dominates in stressful situations causing a "fight or flight" response
-
amidrine
usually used to treat migraines
-
antiacids
- drugs that neutralize acidity
- treat heart burn, ulcers, etc.
-
amiodrone
helps keep heart beat steady for people with dysrhythmias
-
PVC
premature ventricular contractions
-
SVT
supraventricular tachycardia
-
tinnitus
hearing ringing, buzzing, or other sounds without an external cause
-
-
gastrointestinal
dealing with the stomach and intestines
-
hypotension
low blood pressure
-
containdications
patient should avoid *medicine* if they have *disease*
-
procaine
a local anesthetic
-
heart block
refers to a delay in the normal flow of electrical impulses that cause the heart to beat
-
-
cardiogenic shock
a condition where a suddenly weakened heart isn't able to pump enough blood to meet the body's needs
-
sick sinus syndrome
- a disorder where the SA node fails to signal
- properly, resulting in changes in the heart rate
-
interactions
the way drugs work with other drugs, foods, and beverages
-
cimetidine
used to treat gastric ulcers
-
-
erythromycin
an antibiotic
-
dilantin
used to control seizures
-
ischemia
- an insufficient supply of blood to an organ
- usually due to a blocked artery
-
thrombophlebitis
- aka phlebitis, phlebothrombosis, and venous thrombosis
- when a blood clot forms inside a vein at the site of an inflammation
-
DVT
- deep venous/vein thrombosis
- a blood clot in a major vein that usually develops in the legs and/or pelvis
-
pulmonary embolism (PE)
an obstruction of a blood vessel in the lungs, usually due to a blood clot, that blocks a coronary artery
-
thromboembolic
pertaining to thromboembolism
-
thromboembolism
occlusion of a blood vessel due to a thrombus
-
thrombus
a stationary clot formed in a blood vessel or in a chamber of the heart
-
embolization
the process or condition of becoming an embolus
-
embolus
a thrombus that has moved through the bloodstream
-
fibrin
- an insoluble protein that is essential to the clotting of blood
- formed from fibrinogen by action of thrombin
-
clotting mechanism
- one of three mechanisms that reduces the loss of blood from broken blood vessels
- the three mechanisms are vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, and blood clotting (coagulation)
-
thrombin
- an enzyme formed in the blood during the clotting process
- causes fibrinogen to change to fibrin
-
hematuria
the presence of blood in the urine
-
-
Pregnancy Cat. C.
- Pregnancy Category C n
- no adequate human or animal studies, or adverse fetal effects in animal studies but no available human data
-
subcutaneously
beneath the skin
-
partial thromboplastin time (PTT)
a blood test that looks at how long it takes for blood to clot
-
antagonist/antidote
a substance that counteracts the actions of another
-
protamine sulfate
a drug that reverses the anticoagulant effects of heparin by binding to it
-
anticoagulant
a substance that prevents the clotting of blood
-
ASA
- aka aspirin
- acetylsalicylic acid
-
NSAIDs
- nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs
- a large number of drugs exerting anti-inflammatory actions
- examples include aspirin and ibuprofen
-
prosthetic valves prophylaxis
a way to prevent infections to artificial valves
-
hepatic
pertaining to the liver
-
synthesis
the combining of separate elements or substances to make a whole
-
coagulation factors
substances in the blood that are essential to the clotting process
-
coagulation factor II
prothrombin (a plasma protein that converts to thrombin)
-
coagulation factor VII
proconvertin (helps factor III activate factor X)
-
coagulation factor III
tissue thromboplastin (helps factor VII activate factor X)
-
coagulation factor X
stuart factor (activates factor II)
-
coagulation factor IX
plasma thromboplastin antecedent (activates factor X)
-
extrinsic
coming or operating from outside.
-
lipoprotein
any of a group of soluble proteins that combine with and transport fat or other lipids in the blood plasma
-
lipids
any of a class of organic compounds that are fatty acids or their derivatives
-
derivative
something that is based on another source
-
INR
- international normalized ratio
- a comparative rating of a patient's prothrombin time (PT) ratio, used as a standard for monitoring the effects of warfarin
-
prothrombin time (PT)
a blood test that assesses the clotting ability of blood
-
angina
chest pain or discomfort due to coronary heart disease
-
thrombocytopenia
- aka platelets
- an abnormal drop in the number of blood cells involved in forming blood clots
-
antiplatelet
- acting against or destroying blood platelets
-
-
CVA
- stroke
- cerebrovascular accident
-
TIA
- aka a mini-stroke
- transient ischemic attack
- a brief attack (an hour or less)
-
cerebral
pertaining to the brain
-
hemorrhagic stroke
caused by a weakened vessel that ruptures and bleeds into the surrounding brain
-
ileofemoral
relating to the ilium and the femur.
-
ilium
- the uppermost and largest bone of the pelvis
- http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Pelvis_diagram.png
-
IV catheters
used for administration of medication and fluids directly into your veins
-
plasminogen
the inactive precursor of plasmin, occurring in plasma and converted to plasmin by the action of urokinase.
-
protelytic
Relating to, characterized by, or promoting proteolysis.
-
proteolysis
- the splitting of proteins hydrolysis into simpler, soluble substances, as occurs in digestion.
-
hydrolysis
the chemical alteration or decomposition of a compound with water.
-
Urokinase
An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of plasminogen to plasmin and is produced in the kidney, excreted in the urine, and used to dissolve blood clots. Also called plasminogen activator.
-
catalyze
- To modify, especially to increase, the rate of a chemical reaction
-
streptokinase.
produces fibrinolysis by binding to plasminogen and causing its conversion to plasmin; used as a thrombolytic agent.
-
fibrinolysis
the breakdown of fibrin
-
myocardium
the middle and thickest layer of the heart wall, composed of cardiac muscle.
-
nitrates
any salt of nitric acid; organic nitrates are used in the treatment of angina pectoris.
-
nitric acid
a colorless, highly corrosive liquid that may give off suffocating brown fumes of nitrogen dioxide on exposure to air.
-
angina pectoris
AKA angina
-
Nitroglycerine
A thick, pale yellow liquid that is explosive on concussion or exposure to sudden heat, used as a vasodilator in medicine.
-
vasodilator
causing dilatation of blood vessels.
-
Nitro-Bid
trademark for a coronary vasodilator (nitroglycerin).
-
Isordil
trademark for an antianginal agent (isosorbide dinitrate).
-
PVD
- peripheral vascular disease; a narrowing of blood vessels that restricts blood flow. It mostly occurs in the legs, but is sometimes seen in the arms.
-
-
afterload
the force against which cardiac muscle shortens
-
systolic
The phase of blood circulation in which the heart's pumping chambers (ventricles) are actively pumping blood. The ventricles are squeezing (contracting) forcefully, and the pressure against the walls of the arteries is at its highest.
-
-
preload
- The load to which a muscle is subjected before shortening.
-
-
transdermal
entering through the skin
-
-
sublingual
under the tongue
-
acute
having severe symptoms and a short course.
-
antihypertensives
Medications used to treat high blood pressure.
-
haldol
- A trademark for the drug haloperidol. used to treat schizophrenia
-
-
anticholinergics
used to relieve cramps or spasms of the stomach, intestines, and bladder.
-
-
Vasospasm
- A sudden constriction of a blood vessel that reduces the blood flow. Also called angiospasm.
-
cardiogenic shock
shock resulting from inadequate cardiac function, as from myocardial infarction or mechanical obstruction; characteristics include hypovolemia, hypotension, cold skin, weak pulse, and confusion.
-
hypovolemia
diminished volume of circulating blood in the body.
-
adjunct
an accessory or auxiliary agent or measure.
-
sequester
to detach or separate abnormally a small portion from the whole.
-
LDL
low-density lipoprotein; A blood-plasma lipoprotein that is high in cholesterol and low in protein content and that carries cholesterol to cells and tissue; also called bad cholesterol.
-
lipoprotein
Any of a group of conjugated proteins that have at least one lipid component and are the principal means by which lipids are transported in the blood.
-
bile acid
Any of several acids formed in the liver that commonly occur in the bile in combination with glycine or taurine as sodium salts.
-
bile
a fluid secreted by the liver, stored in the gallbladder, and discharged into the small intestine; aids in the emulsification, digestion, and absorption of fat
-
secrete
To generate and separate a substance from cells or bodily fluids
-
emulsification
the breakdown of large fat globules into smaller, uniformly distributed particles
-
glycine
- a nonessential amino acid
- used as a nutrient and dietary supplement
-
amino acid
Amino acids are small molecules that are used as building blocks for all proteins.
-
taurine
an amino acid often found in nerve and muscle tissues.
-
-
Fibric Acid Derivatives
Fibric acid derivatives or fibrates are regarded as broad-spectrum lipid lowering drugs.
-
Lopid (gemfibrozil)
helps reduce cholesterol and triglycerides (fatty acids) in the blood.
-
triglycerides
the most abundant fatty molecule in most organisms.
-
VLDL
large lipoproteins rich in triglycerides
-
HDL
high-density lipoprotein: a circulating lipoprotein that picks up cholesterol in the arteries and deposits it in the liver for reprocessing or excretion.
-
Myalgia
Muscular pain or tenderness
-
hyperglycemia
an abnormally high level of glucose in the blood.
-
HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors (statins)
drugs that interfere with the biosynthesis of cholesterol; used to treat hypercholesterolemia.
-
biosynthesis
Formation of a chemical compound by a living organism. Also called biogenesis.
-
hypercholesterolemia
An excess of cholesterol in the blood.
-
hypertriglyceridemia
denotes high blood levels of triglycerides
-
Pathophysiology
the branch of medicine which deals with any disturbances of body functions, caused by disease
-
diuresis
Urine production, as an aspect of fluid balance (fluid volume)
-
PVR
pulmonary vascular resistance; the resistance offered by the vasculature of the lungs that must be overcome to push blood through the circulatory system
-
Central Sympatholytic (Central Acting Adrenergic Inhibitors)
Central-acting agents lower your heart rate and reduce your blood pressure. central adrenergic inhibitors, treat several conditions, including high blood pressure, drug and alcohol withdrawal, and hot flashes.
-
alpha receptors
tissue receptors which respond well to epinephrine and norepinephrine but less so to isoprotenerol.
-
adrenergic
having to do with adrenaline and epinephrine
-
vasodilatation
increase in the caliber of blood vessels (caliber is the diameter of the opening of a tube, in this case a blood vessel)
-
prophylaxis
a measure taken to maintain health and prevent the spread of disease.
-
CNS
central nervous system; The part of the nervous system that includes the brain and the spinal cord.
-
Alpha-Adrenergic Blockers
drugs prescribed for hypertension that impede alpha receptors
-
impede
to slow down or block
-
alpha receptors
any of the postulated adrenergic components of receptor tissues that respond to norepinephrine and to various blocking agents.
-
postulated
anything assumed or taken for granted.
-
receptors
a molecule on the surface or within a cell that recognizes and binds with specific molecules, producing a specific effect in the cell
-
alpha 1 adrenergic receptors
The primary effect is on smooth muscle, which it mainly constricts
-
vascular smooth muscle
refers to the particular type of smooth muscle found within, and composing the majority of the wall of blood vessels.
-
bph
Benign prostatic hyperplasia; refers to the increase in size of the prostate in middle-aged and elderly men
-
orthostasis
head rush or a dizzy spell, is a form of hypotension in which a person's blood pressure suddenly falls when the person stands up.
-
Beta-Adrenergic Blockers
any of various drugs used in treating hypertension or arrhythmia
-
beta 1 receptors
affects the resting heart rate and can be involved in heart failure.
-
beta 2 receptors
associated with nocturnal asthma, obesity and type 2 diabetes.
-
COP
colloid osmotic pressure; a form of osmotic pressure exerted by proteins in a blood vessel's plasma (blood/liquid) that usually tends to pull water into the circulatory system
-
osmotic pressure
Osmotic pressure is the energy driving osmosis and is important for living organisms because it allows water and nutrients dissolved in water to pass through cell membranes.
-
osmosis
The movement of a solvent through a membrane separating two solutions of different concentrations. The solvent from the side of weaker concentration usually moves to the side of the stronger concentration, diluting it, until the concentrations of the solutions are equal on both sides of the membrane. The pressure exerted by the molecules of the solvent on the membrane they pass through is called osmotic pressure.
-
renin
a proteolytic enzyme secreted by the kidneys, which plays an important part in the maintenance of blood pressure
-
proteolytic enzyme
any enzyme that catalyzes the splitting of proteins into smaller peptide fractions and amino acids by a process known as proteolysis
-
COPD
- chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
- A chronic lung disease, such as asthma or emphysema, in which breathing becomes slowed or forced.
-
-
bronchospasms
spasmodic contraction of the muscular lining of the bronchi, as in asthma, causing difficulty in breathing.
-
1st degree heart block
In first-degree AV block, the impulse conducting from atria to ventricles through the AV node is delayed and travels slower than normal.
-
ACE Inhibitors
- Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors; treats hypertension
-
-
inhibitor
a substance that retards or stops a chemical reaction.
-
angiotensin
Any of three polypeptide hormones, one of which is a powerful vasoconstrictor, that function in the body in controlling arterial pressure.
-
vasoconstrictor
any of various agents, as certain nerves or drugs, that narrow blood vessels and thereby maintain or increase blood pressure.
-
polypeptide
A peptide, such as a small protein, containing many molecules of amino acids, typically between 10 and 100.
-
peptide
A chemical compound that is composed of a chain of two or more amino acids and is usually smaller than a protein.
-
angiotensin I
a physiologically inactive form of angiotensin that is the precursor to angiotensin II
-
physiologically inactive
a part of the body that is basically broken
-
angiotensin II
a potent vasopressor agent formed from angiotensin I
-
vasopressor
any hormone or drug that acts as a vasoconstrictor and increases blood pressure and heart rate.
-
ejection fraction
a measurement of how well your heart is pumping.
-
angioneurotic edema
recurrent large circumscribed areas of subcutaneous edema; onset is sudden and it disappears within 24 hours; seen mainly in young women, often as an allergic reaction to food or drugs
-
circumscribe
To limit narrowly; restrict.
-
edema
An excessive accumulation of serous fluid in tissue spaces or a body cavity.
-
serous
Containing, secreting, or resembling serum.
-
hyperkalemia
an abnormally high concentration of potassium in the blood.
-
ARF
acute renal failure; renal failure associated with burns or other trauma or with acute infection or obstruction of the urinary tract
-
impairment
the occurrence of a change for the worse
-
vasodilators
A drug that dilates a blood vessel.
-
arteriole
One of the small terminal branches of an artery, especially one that connects with a capillary.
-
terminal
Of, at, relating to, or forming a limit, boundary, extremity, or end.
-
dilator
A muscle that dilates a body part, such as a blood vessel or the pupil of the eye.
-
arteriolar dilator
a muscle that dilates and arteriole
-
venous dilators
a muscle that dilates a vein
-
compensatory mechanisms
the manner of combination of parts, processes, etc., in order to make up for a loss of something
-
smooth muscles
Muscles that surround the linings of the digestive system, airways, and circulatory system.
-
cardiac muscles
the muscle of the heart
-
coronary artery spasm
A sudden constriction of a coronary artery that deprives the heart muscle of blood and oxygen
-
SA node
sinoatrial node; The mass of specialized cardiac muscle fibers that normally acts as the "pacemaker" of the heart
-
AV node
atrioventricular node; Highly specialized area of the heart muscle which transmits electrical impulses.
-
peripheral
pertaining to the outside, surface, or surrounding area of an organ
-
SAH
Subarachnoid hemorrhage; Loss of blood into the subarachnoid space, the fluid-filled area that surrounds the brain tissue.
-
hemorrhage
the escape of blood from the vessels
-
cerebral spasm
the constricted physical state of the blood vessels in the brain
-
erythropoesis
The formation or production of red blood cells
-
-
gold standard
the best, the most reliable
-
iron deficiency anemia
a lack of red blood cells caused by having too little iron in the body
-
PUD
Peptic ulcer disease; A stomach disorder marked by corrosion of the stomach lining due to the acid in the digestive juices.
-
IM
intramuscular; within a muscle
-
Z tract
a technique in which the skin and subcutaneous tissue are displaced laterally before inserting the needle intramuscularly; used to prevent leakage along the track of the needle and consequent tissue irritation.
-
displace laterally
removal from the normal position to a side position; stretch the skin before inserting needle and don't let go until needle has been pulled out
-
track of a needle
a mark left behind on skin from a needle injection
-
dorsolateral
pertaining to the back and the side.
-
air lock
- The air lock technique prevents medication from leaking into the subcutaneous tissues and skin surface as the needle is withdrawn, thereby preventing irritation and staining of tissues. Withdraw desired volume of medication into syringe.
- Draw in an additional 0.2 ml of air.Insert the needle at a 90-degree angle.
-
folic acid
help the body break down complex carbohydrates into simple sugars to be used for energy.
-
Pernicious anemia
a disease in which the red blood cells are abnormally formed, due to an inability to absorb vitamin B12.
-
intrinsic
Situated within or belonging solely to the organ or body part on which it acts.
-
Transient
pertaining to a condition that is temporary or of short duration, usually not recurring.
-
optic nerve atrophy
damage to the optic nerve resulting in a degeneration or destruction of the optic nerve.
-
ACLS
- advanced cardiac life support
-
-
algorithm
a step-by-step method of solving a problem or making decisions, as in making a diagnosis.
-
bioavailability
A measure of the amount of drug that is actually absorbed from a given dose.
-
Intravenous Infusion
a solution administered into a vein through an infusion set that includes a plastic or glass vacuum bottle or bag containing the solution and tubing connecting the bottle to a catheter or a needle in the patient's vein.
-
continuous infusion
usually consists of small pulses of infusion
-
isoproterenol
a bronchodilator. It works by relaxing muscles in the airways to improve breathing
-
bronchodilator
A medicine used to open up the bronchial tubes (air passages) of the lungs.
-
norepinephrine
similar to adrenaline. It works by constricting (narrowing) the blood vessels and increasing blood pressure and blood glucose (sugar) levels
-
dopamine
a medication form of a substance that occurs naturally in the body. It works by improving the pumping strength of the heart and improves blood flow to the kidneys
-
amiodarone
an antiarrhythmic medication that affects the rhythm of heartbeats. Amiodaroneis used to help keep the heart beating normally in people with life-threatening heart rhythm disorders of the ventricles (the lower chambers of the heart that allow blood to flow out of the heart)
-
Endotracheal Administration
- involves the introduction of the agent directly through the endotracheal tube in an intubated patient. Generally this route is considered as a last resort for drug administration, and provides a fast, effective means of drug delivery in a patient who requires immediate medication.
- Same as tracheal administration
-
endotracheal tube
A tube inserted into the trachea to provide a passageway for air. Also called tracheal tube.
-
intubate
To insert a tube into a hollow organ or body passage.
-
NS
normal saline; a salt solution containing 0.9% sodium chloride in distilled (vaporized) water that exhibits the same molecular concentration as blood.
-
physiologic
Characteristic of normal, healthy functioning
-
dilute
to reduce a solution by adding water
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