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Define lifespan development
Is the field of study that examines patterns of growth,change, and stability in behavior that occur throughout the life span
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define physical development
examine the ways in which the body's makeup-brain, nervous system, muscles, and senses, and the need for food, drink, and sleep-helps determine behavior.
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define cognitive development
seeking to understand how growth and change in intellectual capabilities influence a persons behavior.
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define personality development
is the study of stability and change in characteristics that differentiate one person from another over the life span
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define social development
is the way in which individuals interactions and relationships with others grow, change, and remain stable over the course of life
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define social construction
is a shared notion reality that is widely accepted but is a function of society and culture at a given time
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define cohort
a group of people born at around the same time in the same place
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define history-graded influences
biological and environmental influences associated with a particular historical event
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define age-graded influences
are biological and environmental influences that are similar for individuals in a particular age group, regardless of when or where they are raised.
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define continuous change
development is gradual, with achievements at one level building on those of previous levels.
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define discontinuous change
- occurring in distinct stages
- each stage brings about behavior that is assumed to be qualitatively different from behavior at earlier stages.
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define critical period
is a specific time during development when a particular event has its greatest consequences
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define sensitive periods
in a sensitive period organisms are particularly susceptible to certain kinds of stimuli in their environment.
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define maturation
it encompasses any factor that is produced by predetermined unfolding of genetic information. its a process
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define nature as it refers to human development
refers to traits, abilities, and capacities that are inherited from ones parents.
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define nurture
refers to the environmental influences that shape behavior.
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define theories
broad, organized, explanations and predications concerning phenomena of interest
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define psychodynamic perspective
a theory that much of our behavior is motivated by inner forces , memories, and conflicts of which a person has little awareness or control
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define psychoanalytic theory
that unconscious forces act to determine personality and behavior
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define unconscious
is a part of the personality about which a person is unaware
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define pleasure principle
in which the goal is to maximize pleasure and reduce tension
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define reality principle
in which instinctual energy is restrained in order to maintain the safety of the person and help them integrate into society
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define psychosexual development
occurs as children pass through distinct stages in which pleasure, or gratification, is focused on a particular biological function and body part.
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what stages dose the psychosexual development have in order
- 1. oral stage
- 2. anal stage
- 3. phallic and genital stage
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define psychosocial development
deals with changes in how we interact and understand one another and understanding of us as a member of society
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define development perspective
suggest that the keys understanding development are observable and environment stimuli
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define classical conditoning
occurs when an organism learns to respond in a particular way to neutral stimuli
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define reinforcement
is the process by which a behavior is followed by a stimuli that increases the probability that the behavior will be repeated.
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