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What are the 4 causes of Cogenital Heart Disease covered in class? SD,TOF,PRAA,PDA
- Septal Defects
- Tetrology of Fallot
- Persistent Right Aortic Arch
- Patent Ductus Arteriosis
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Name the septal defect: Left to right shunt, right sided failure, dogs
Atrial
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Name the septal defect: Right to left shunt, cats and horses
Ventricular
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Name the septal defect: common in cats, can die before 8 weeks of age
Murmur
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What are the 5 causes of Tetrology of Fallot? RVH,PS,OA,VSD,M
- Right ventricular hypertrophy
- Pulmonary stenosis
- Overriding aorta
- Ventricular septal defect
- Murmur
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In Tetrology of Fallot a pressure increase in right side results in R to L causing.....HCP
- hypoxemia
- cyanosis
- polycythemia
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What are the 6 c.s. of Tetrology of Fallot? LOG,C,W,S,D,EI
- lack of growth
- cyanosis
- weakness
- syncope
- death
- exercise intolerance
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PRAA is common in:
large breed dogs
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PRAA is a _ _ anomaly.
vascular ring
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In PRAA the vascular arch constricts the:
esophagus
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4 c.s. of PRAA: G,R,W,P
- GI
- regurgitation
- weight loss
- pneumonia
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PDA is a shunt from _ _ to the _.
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What does the PDA murmur sound like?
machinery
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The patent ductus arteriosis is supposed to close at:
birth
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PDA is breed specific and results is _ of the lungs and _ sided heart volume overload.
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What are 4 causes of cardiac arrhythmias? EI,DOES,I,C
- electrolyte imbalance (high K or CA)
- disruption of electrical system
- ischemia
- cardiomyopathy
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Electrical impulse through the heart:
- SA Node
- AV Node
- Bundle of His
- Purkinje Fibers
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Animals are often _ with cardiac arrhythmias until they become severe.
asymptomatic
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DX cardiac arrhythmias:AEUBU
- auscultation
- ECG
- ultrasound
- bloodwork
- underlying causes
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Name the arrhythmia: HR inc during inspiration
sinus arrhythmia
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Name the arrhythmia: athletes drugs
sinus bradycardia
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Name the arrhythmia: excitement, fear, pain, exertion, drugs
sinus tachycardia
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Name the auscultation: fluid, left sided heart failure, edema or infx
crackles
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Name the auscultation: inflammation, narrowing
wheezes
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Name the auscultation: right sided heart failure, chest effusion. fluid or mass accumulation
muffled
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What is special about grade VI?
palpable precordial thrill
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Murmurs are loudest when heard from:
the apex of the heart
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What valves are on the left?
- PAM
- pulmonic
- aortic
- mitral/bicuspid
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What valve is on the right?
tricuspid
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Murmurs are noted based on: GLPT
- grade
- location
- point of maximum intensity
- timing (systolic, diastolic, continuous)
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To listen to the left valves what should be done?
listen over left intercostal spaces 3-5 times
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What should aslo be done while auscultating? HRPC
- heart rate
- rhythm
- pulses
- crt
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DX murmur: AREE
- Auscultation
- Radiograph
- ECG (holter monitor)
- Echocardiogram
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ECG measures what?
electrical impulses of the heart
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Can there be a normal ECG tracing without cardiac output or pulse?
yes
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What 2 views for radiographs?
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Tx for acute heart dz: ONF
- Oxygen
- Nitroglycerin paste(vasodilator)
- Furosemide (diuretic-Lasix)
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Tx chronic heart dz:DFEDPASBCARTA
- diet
- furosemide/spironolactone
- enalapril
- digoxin
- pimobendin
- antiarrythmic drugs prn
- sx
- beta blockers
- calcium channel blockers
- ACE inhibitors
- rest
- thoraco/abdominocentesis
- abx
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Diet concerns:TS
- taurine in cats
- sodium too low
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Digoxin is a positive inotrope it _ HR, _ contractility, and has a _ margin of safety.
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Pimobendin _ contractility and is a vasodilator.
inc
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Antiarrhythmic drugs work by cotrolling the NA flow. What are two examples? LP
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Beta blockers are the lol drugs they _ HR.
dec
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Calcium channel blockers inhibit contractility and dec BP. Name 3 examples AVD
- amlopidine
- verapamil
- diltiazem
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ACE inhibitors are vasodilators name 3: ECB
- enalapril
- captopril
- benazapril
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Abx are given when?
mitral endocarditis associated with dental dz
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ACE inhibitors result in: VDI
- vasodilation
- decreased water retention(blocks angiotensin II from binding to activate aldosterone)
- in cardiac output
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