Protozoans

• not worms; free-living organisms
• mostly one cell
• disease related to stress of host

• coccidiosis
• malaria
• piroplasmosis
• trichomoniasis
• giardiasis
• hemobartonellosis
• erhlichiosis

Coccidia

• intestinal tract
• bright red bloody diarrhea

have a slender flagella (whiplike appendage that enables them to swim)

divided into hemoflagellates (in blood) and mucoflagellates (in intestinal tract)

• live in blood, lymph, and tissue spaces
• transmitted indirectly by blood sucking flies (Stomoxys calcitrans- stable fly)

Stomoxys calcitrans- stable fly

• live in intestinal tract or genital tract
• spread directly through feces or genital discharge

• Trypanosoma brucci
• Trypanosoma equiperdum
• Trypanosoma cruzi

Trypanosoma

condition: Trypanosomiasis

• ruminants
• causes Nagana
• intermediate host(between wild&domestic cattle): Tsetse fly

• horses
• causes Dourine "Silver Dollar" plaques-hair falls off
• one of first reportable diseases
• no intermediate host: uses direct sexual contact

Trypanosoma equiperdum

• hemoflagellate in dogs
• extraceullar (not in blood cells:in between blood cells)
• transmitted by blood feeding arthropods, "assassin bugs", flying arthropods, contact with feces of infected insects

Chagas Disease

• hemoprotozoan
• primarily in Tx&Fl beaches
• intracellular-found w/in blood vessels, spleen, liver, other organs
• transmitted by sandfly bite

intracellular protozoans in blood but not flagellated

• Babesia canis
• Cytauxzoon felis

• hemo-apicomplexan in dog
• intracellular parasite: within RBC (so function to kill blood cell)

• transmitted by the tick, Boophilus annulatus 
• also called canine piroplasmosis

• hemo-apicomplexan of cat
• intracellular parasite: within RBC (so function to kill blood cell)

transmitted by the tick, Amblyomma americanum

• Giardia
• Trichomonads
• Sporozoa (Coccidia, Piroplasms)
• Toxoplasma
• Amoebae
• Ciliates
• Cryptosporidium
• Sarcocysts

• small intestine (unlike other mucoflagellates)
• symptoms: diarrhea, enteritis

zoonotic problem with contaminated water supplies

Metronidazole

pear shape

• Trichomonas fetus
• Trichomonas vaginalis

• lives in cecum and colon
• multiplying in fluid feces-blamed for diarrhea
• can cause abortion, pyometra, sterility

common in women but not considered pathogen

• Vincent's Angina
• pus in the gums
• "trench mouth"

caused by mucoflagellated protozoan, trichomonas&bacteria

• Eimeria- farm animals
• Isospora- dog, cat, swine, pocket pets
• Toxoplasma-all domestic animals
• Cryptosporidium and Sarcocysts- zoonotic

Isospora canis/felis

find eggs oocysts in host feces

• in host:
• 1.sporozoite
• 2.merozoite
• 3.gamont
• 4.macrogamete&microgamete
• 5.zygote
• 6.oocysts

• outside host:
• 7.oocysts
• 8.sporocysts
• 9.sporozoite

• eimeria: direct
• isospora: direct or indirect
• toxoplasma: direct or indirect

• sporozoite swallowed, invade cells of mucosa and divide to form Merozoites
• Merozoites leave the cells and enter new cells and develop into male/female Gamonts
• Gamonts mature to Macrogametes
• male Macrogametes divide into Microgamete to fertilize female Macrogametes
• female Macrogametes give rise to Zygotes
• as food materials accumulate around Zygote, it becomes Oocysts
• Oocysts released at death of mucosa cell
• dog consumes Oocysts >2-4 sporocysts>4 sporozoites> process starts over again..

cat (Felidae family)

• if gets in any other animal/human will go all over the body
• goes to urogenital area in pregnant women&causes abortion

protozoan or fungus

• eggs passed from cat
• Oocysts, sporozoites are picked up by intermediate host
• Sporozoites(sporocysts) migrate into the tissues of intermediates and become encysted or pass to the placenta in human and cause abortions
• cat eats intermediate host thus picks up sporozoite, thus completing the lifecycle

• dyspnea
• tachypnea
• icterus
• abdominal disorder
• persistent pyrexia

• Isospora oocyst
• Toxoplasma oocyst
• Giardia
• Trichomonas
• Entamoeba histolytica

• Babesia canis
• Trypasnosoma cruzi
• Haemobartonella

• Toxoplasma cysts
• Entamoeba histolytica

• Isospora
• Toxoplasma
• Entamoeba

• Coccidiosis
• Giardiasis
• Intestinal Trichomonosis
• Babesiosis
• Haemobartonellosis

• feces: Eimeria
• blood: Anaplasma marginale, Anaplasma centrale
• reproductive tract: Trichomonas fetus
• tissues: Toxoplasma cysts
• intestines: Eimeria

• Coccidiosis
• Anaplasmosis
• Genital Tichomonosis

• Amoebae
• Ciliates
• Cryptosporidium
• Sarcocysts

etiology that produces amebic dysentery in humans

primary pathology is the acute diarrhea in dogs

ciliated protozoan found occasionally in cecum and colon of dogs

• diarrhea
• seen more in pigs

• small intestine
• zoonotic

• small intestine
• eggs sporulated when passed in feces
• each oocyst contains 2 sporocysts, each with 4 sporozoites

• feces: Eimeria
• tissues: Toxoplasma cysts
• intestinal: Eimeria

common protozoal diseases: Coccidiosis

• feces: Trichomonas equi
• blood: Babesia caballi, Babesia equi

common protozoal diseases: Intestinal Trichomonosis, Babesiosis

• feces: Eimeria, Balatidium coli, Isospora
• blood: Eperythrozoon suis
• tissues: Toxoplasma
• intestines: Balantidium coli, Eimeria, Isospora

common protozoal diseases: Eperythrozoonosis (most feared)

poultry

• crop content: Trichomonas
• intestinal: Eimeria, Hexamita
• cecal: Histomonas, Eimeria
• blood: Leucocytozoon, Haemoproteus
• tissues: Histomonas (liver) Toxoplasma cysts
• inestines&cecal: Eimeria, Histomonas

common protozoal diseases: Coccidiosis, Histomonosis, Crop Trichomonosis, Hexamitosis, Leucocytozoonosis