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Consciousness
The awareness of the sensations, thoughts, and feelings being experienced at a given moment.
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Stage 1 Sleep
The state of transition between wakefulness and sleep, characterized by relatively rapid, low-amplitude brain waves.
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Stage 2 Sleep
A sleep deeper than that of stage 1, characterized by a slower, more regular wave pattern, along with momentary interruptions of "'sleep spindles."
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Stage 3 Sleep
A sleep characterized by slow brain waves, with greater peaks and valleys in the wave pattern than in stage 2 sleep.
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Stage 4 Sleep
The deepest stage of sleep, during which we are least responsive to outside stimulation.
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REM (rapid eye movement) Sleep
Sleep occupying 20% of an adult's sleeping time, characterized by increased heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing rate; erections; eye movements; and the experience of dreaming.
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unconscious wish fulfillment theory
Freud's theory that dreams represent unconscious wishes that dreamers desire to see fulfilled.
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Latent Content of Dreams
According to Freud, the 'disguised' meanings of dreams, hidden by more obvious subjects.
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Manifest Content of Dreams
According to Freud, the apparent story line of dreams.
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Dreams for Survival Theory
The theory suggesting that dreams permit information that is critical for our daily survival to be reconsidered and reprocessed during sleep.
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Activation-Synthesis Theory
Hobson's theory that the brain produces random electrical energy during REM sleep that stimulates memories stored in the brain.
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Circadian Rhythms
Biological processes that occur regularly on approximately a 24-hour cycle.
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Daydreams
Fantasies that people construct while awake.
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Hypnosis
A trancelike state of heightened susceptibility tot he suggestions of others.
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Meditation
A learned technique for refocusing attention that brings about an altered state of consciousness.
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Psychoactive Drugs
Drugs that influence a person's emotions, perceptions, and behavior.
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Addictive Drugs
Drugs that produce a biological or psychological dependence in the user so that withdrawal from them leads to a craving for the drug that, in some cases, may be nearly irresistible.
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Stimulants
Drugs that have an arousal effect on the central nervous system, causing a rise in heart rate, blood pressure, and muscular tension.
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Depressants
Drugs that slow down the nervous system.
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Narcotics
Drugs that increase relaxation and relieve pain and anxiety.
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Hallucinogen
A drug that is capable of producing hallucinations, or changes, in the perceptual process.
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