Behavior Analysis Final

The evolution of most species is now complete.
True False

Reflexes are generally less variable than modal action patterns.
True False

Learning researchers note that results with humans usually parallel those with animals.
True False

Learning always involves the acquisition of new behaviors.
True False

It is sometimes difficult to say whether an event is behavior or physiology.
True False

If a CS is presented several times alone, and is then repeatedly paired with a US, conditioning proceeds more rapidly than if the CS had never been presented alone.
True False

Modal action patterns are induced by events called ______.

The brown-headed cowbird deposits its eggs in the nests of other birds. This is most likely a ________.

Natural selection is often _______.

A reflex is ________.

In the fox-breeding experiment, researchers selectively mated foxes that displayed ________ behavior.

In within-subject experiments, each subject's performance is compared with its performance during a _______.

Using an ABA research design is rather like using a ______.

Experiments done in natural settings are called _______.

A _________ explanation is one in which the evidence for the explanation of an event is the event itself.

Your text defines behavior as anything an organism does that can be ________.

Experimental research on behavior is often said to be artificial. To compensate for this problem, researchers do ________ .

One problem with computer simulations as a substitute for animal research is that ___________.

Of the following, the one that does not belong with the others is _______: latent inhibition, overshadowing, blocking, higher-order conditioning

Each time a buzzer sounds, a puff of air makes a rabbit blink. Soon the rabbit blinks when it hears the buzzer. George believes that this means the buzzer takes the place of the air puff. George is an advocate of ______.

If, following conditioning, a CS is repeatedly presented without the US, the procedure is called ______.

The author of your text uses the terms unconditional reflex and conditional reflex, but he notes that most authors use the terms _______ and _______ reflexes.

The experiment in which a dog learned to salivate at the sight of a black square after it had been paired with a CS for salivating is an example of _________ conditioning.

In general, the more intense a US, the __________.

Recent research suggests that poor conditioning in elderly people may signal the early stages of ________.

Blue jays usually do not eat Monarch butterflies. This is an example of a/an __________.

Senatorial candidate Smith's popularity increased dramatically after he was seen on television shaking hands with a very popular public figure. This is probably an example of __________.

In treating Peter's fear of rabbits, Jones used a procedure called __________.

The CS and US in the Little Albert experiment were a __________.

Pavlov found that when he paired painful stimuli with food, the dog came to show no distress at the painful stimuli. This experiment may help explain __________ behavior in humans.

Negative reinforcement increases the strength of a behavior.
True False

To say that a reinforcer increases the strength of a behavior means only that it has certain measurable effects on the behavior.
True False

Chaining is a useful procedure for shaping behavior in laboratory animals, but it does not appear to be important in wildlife.
True False

In operant learning, the word contingency usually refers to the degree of correlation between a behavior and a consequence.
True False

Abnormal behavior often persists despite aversive consequences because it also produces reinforcing consequences.
True False

Although important, the matching law is restricted to a narrow range of species, responses, reinforcers, and reinforcement schedules.
True False

E. L. Thorndike's studies of learning started as an attempt to understand _______.

Reinforcement occurs when ______.

Charles Catania identified three characteristics that define reinforcement. These include all of the following except ______: a behavior must have a consequence, the consequence of the behavior must be positive, a behavior must increase in strength, the increase in strength must be the result of the behavior's consequence

The number of operant procedures indicated in the contingency square is ______.

Shaping is the reinforcement of successive _______.

Money is a good example of a _______ reinforcer.

Farmer Gable had a problem with motorcyclists riding across his meadow land, tearing up sod and frightening his cattle. He installed barbed wire fencing in the area and no longer had a problem. Gable's approach is best described as an example of _______.

The chief problem with extinction as a way of reducing the frequency of potentially harmful behavior is that _________.

Delaying delivery of a punisher is most likely to ___________.

Punishers are defined by __________.

Self awareness means ______.

Insightful problem solving is best viewed as an example of ______.

Brad Alford's study of the man who thought he was followed by a witch is an example of ______.

The story of Ulysses and the Sirens illustrates the self-control technique known as ______.physical restraint

Lying is probably often the result of ______.

Each of the following is a self-control technique except ______: deprivation, distancing, distraction, distortion

The self-control technique of counting the number of times a behavior occurs is called _____.

Herbert Quay found evidence that the topics discussed by ______ may be influenced by reinforcement.

Studies of learned helplessness use the ______ procedure.

George trains a pigeon to peck a disk by reinforcing each disk peck. Once the response is learned, George begins to cut back on the reinforcers. At first he reinforces every other response, then every third response, every fifth response, every tenth response, and so on. George is using a procedure called _________.

Shirley trains a rat to press a lever and then reinforces lever presses on an FR 10 schedule when a red light is on, and an FI 10" schedule when a green light is on. In this case, lever pressing is on a _________.

Studies of choice involve _________.

A pigeon is confronted with two disks, one green, the other red. The bird receives food on a VI 20" schedule when it pecks the green disk, and on a VI 10" schedule when it pecks the red one. The principle that allows you to predict the behavior of the pigeon is called the __________.

The schedule that is likely to produce a cumulative record with scallops is the _________.

The Herbert and Harsh study found that cats that had observed a model perform 30 times did better than those that had observed a model perform 15 times.
True False

If an observer watches a well-trained model perform a response, the procedure is not really observational learning.
True False

Vicarious learning leads inevitably to imitation.
True False

The effects of reinforcement generalize, but the effects of extinction and punishment do not.
True False

Herrnstein and others trained pigeons to respond to images of people. The researchers did this by pinpointing a single defining feature (such as hair) on which the birds could discriminate humans from other objects.
True False

The degree of confidence a person has in a recollection is an excellent measure of its accuracy.
True False

The first studies of vicarious learning ______.

Learning is a change in behavior due to experience. In vicarious learning, the experience consists of ______.

The Sherry and Galef experiment with milk bottles suggests that ______.

Whether children imitate an aggressive model depends largely on ______.

Jill is an impressionable 17-year-old college freshman with average academic skills. She lives in the college dorms with two roommates. One of them, Martha, is bright, attractive, popular, rich, and a local celebrity because of her singing

The tendency to imitate modeled behavior even when doing so is not reinforced is called ______.

Bill conducts an experiment in which he pairs the word psychologist with words such as nasty, evil, and corrupt. Later Bill asks his subjects to give their opinion of various professions by rating them on a scale from very positive to very negative. Of the following professions, _______ will probably receive the lowest rating.

Judy gives a monkey a choice between a sphere and various other three-dimensional shapes. Each time the animal selects the sphere, it receives a grape

Frederick believes that discrimination training produces inhibitory as well as excitatory gradients of generalization. Frederick is most likely an advocate of the theory of generalization and discrimination proposed by ______.

According to your text, mental rotation data are best viewed as evidence of ______.

In a classic study, Guttman and Kalish trained pigeons to peck a disk of a particular color, and then gave them the opportunity to peck ________.

In _____, the task is to select from two or more alternatives the stimulus that matches a sample.

In _______ discrimination training, the S+ and S- are presented at the same time.

When a behavior reliably occurs in the presence of an S+ but not in the presence of an S-, we can say the behavior is ______.

Forgetting is the deterioration of ____________ .

The Chase and Simon study comparing chess masters and ordinary players showed that when chess pieces were arranged in random order, ____________ .

In _________ learning, two stimuli, A and B, are presented, and the task is then to recall B whenpresented with A.

While walking in the woods, Larry happens to stumble across a nest of turkey eggs just as they are hatching. Larry watches the chicks as they emerge from their eggs and begin walking about. As he leaves the nest area, Larry finds the young birds are determined to go with him. Larry's new friends are victims of _______.

John has difficulty training a raccoon to pick up coins and put them in a bank. It is most likely that _________.

Efforts to teach chimpanzees to talk probably failed because _________.

Learning is of vital importance because so many problems that face society involve _________.

Substances that damage the nervous system are called _________.

Allen and Beatrice Gardner taught a chimpanzee to _________.

In their study of conditioning, Garcia and Koelling paired water with radiation. They found that the rats later avoided _________.