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ACE inhibitors
renal damage
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Alcohol
Leading cause of birth defects and mental retardation
Fetal alcohol syndrome - retardation, microcephaly, holoprosencephaly, facial abnormalities, limb dislocation, heart and lung fistulas
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Alkylating agents
absence of digits, multiple anomalies
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Aminoglycosides
CN VIII toxicity - deaf!!
-
Cocaine
abnormal fetal development and fetal addiction; placental abruption (placenta separates from uterus before baby is born)
-
Diethylstilbestrol (DES)
vaginal clear cell adenocarcinoma
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Folate antagonists
Neural tube defects
-
Iodine (lack or excess)
congenital goiter or hypothyroidism
-
Lithium
Ebstein's anomaly (atrialized right ventricle - tricuspid leaflet is crazy low)
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Maternal diabetes
- Caudal regression syndrome
- - messed up lower part of spine.
- - can range from anal atresia to sirenomelia ("Mermaid syndrome")
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Smoking (nicotine, CO)
preterm labor, placental problems, intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), ADHD
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Tetracyclines
Discolored teeth
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Thalidomide
Limb defects ("flipper" limbs)
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Valproate
Inhibition of intestinal folate absorption --> neural tube defects
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Vitamin A (excess)
Extremely high risk for spontaneous abortions and birth defects (cleft palate, cardiac abnormalities)
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Warfarin
Bone deformaties, fetal hemorrhage, abortion
-
X-rays, anticonvulsants
Multiple anomalies
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