BDSC 8 (Ballast Test)

small wire supports that help to keep rebar a specified distance from the outside of the concrete and help ensure adequate concrete cover

type of chair used in broad slabs or beams

rough finish intended for outdoor surfaces and interior slabs that will become the substrate for a finish material that does not require a perfectly smooth underlayment, such as carpet or tile

• should be specified for exterior applications
• used for heavier loading on interior walls and for exterior walls at or below grade, such as foundation walls, retaining walls, pavements, walks and patios

best for exterior applications above grade and for interior load-bearing walls

• well suited for interior and protected exterior non-load-bearing partitions
• used for light loads where freezing is not expected

• ex. limestone, brownstone, sandstone
• formed through the action of water and wind and comprise of elements left behind from the skeletons of marine organisms

• ex. granite
• deposited while molten

• either sedimentary or igneous rock that has been transformed by heat and pressure
• ex. marble, soapstone, slate

skewback = (span/24) (arch depth/4in)

spruce trees

cedar, redwood, cypress

one of the first buildings to use an all-steel frame and exploit the possibilities of the curtain-wall construction

• boards are cut radially from the center of the log
• produces very straight and consistent vertical grain
• type of cut is typically only used for sawing oak
• very labor intensive
• creates waste

• involves dividing a log into quarters and then cutting boards perpendicular to the grain
• produces boards with straight grain running parallel to the length of the board

• boards are cut in straight lines across the grain of the log
• grain tends to be more uneven than quatersawn or rift-sawn boards, but it is a technique that produces the curvy grain often seen on framing members
• boards cut this way tend to cup or warp a little more than quarter or rift sawn because of curve of grain

• combines wood and steel into one member with load-carrying capacity far exceedign that of wood along
• aka sandwich beams

at least 5in wide with a depth of 2in greater than their width

pieces of wood smaller than 2in thick and 2in wide

2in to 4in thick and 2in or more wide

at least 5in wide by at least 5in deep, but not more than 2in deeper than the width

• french architect practicing in the early 1900s, designed most of his buildings using a revolutionary new material: reinforced concrete
• famous for Notre Dame du Raincy in Paris (1922)

overlapping the 2 bars a specified distance, sometimes expressed in terms of a number of bar widths and diameters

where the bars are wired together

where the bars are laid in parallel and overlapped the specified distance but are not fastened to one another

• alkaline copper quat
• wood preservative that contains up to 96% copper
• banned from residential use by EPA because of concern about its arsenic content

parts of the frieze in the doric order

• polymer-modified, mineral-based system
• high impact resistance and provide good insulation
• consist of a base and finish coat of synthetic stucco applied over XPS, or extruded polystyrene, insulation board

• polymer-based
• systems are made up of a very thin base coat of portland cement and polymer over fiberglass mesh with a thin finish coat of polymer-based synthetic stucco over EPS, or expanded polystyrene, insulation board
• lighter than PM systems

• mineral-based, systems are basically conventional three-coat portland cement stucco systems
• very impact resistant, but since stucco is not applied over an insulation board, system does not offer the insulation of PB and PM systems

to increase fire resistance

EPA determined that no action is required if level of radon is less than 4 pCi/L

• temporary supports erected to hold wires or strings that indicate the excavation line for a building site
• surveying

used to indicate how much cut or fill is required at a specific location to reach finish grade

• surveying tool used to determine the elevations of points on a site
• typ mounted on a tripod
• laser level with a sight that shoots elevations using a prism

• C-D Exterior
• aka CDX

• N (natural finish, free of defects)
• A (smooth and paintable)
• B (solid-surface veneer)
• C plugged (splits limited to 1/8" width and knot/borer holes limited to 1/4" by 1/2")
• C (knotholes permitted to 1". limited splits permitted. min grade for exterior plywood)
• D (knots/knotholes to 3" permitted. limited splited permitted)

1 part cement; 2 parts fine aggregate (sand); 5 parts coarse aggregate

type M mortar; min average 28-day compressive strength of 2500psi

type O: compressive strength of 350psi

commonly used for exterior walls and interior walls under normal loads

used when high strength mortar is required for heavy loads or for cases where the mortar will be exposed to severe, saturated freezing

vertical joint between masonry withes

horizontal grooves cast into concrete that allow a piece of flashing to be slipped inside and then carried accross the airspace and through the brick for proper drainage and moisture control

• process used to repair failing mortar joints
• involves removing the deteriorated mortar toa  certain depth and inserting new, compatible mortar into the space, then stricking it with new, water-resistant edge treatement

from 0.20% to 0.50%

joining 2 metals by heating them above their melting points

joining 2 metals using lead based or tin based alloys as filler metals that melt below 500F

joining 2 metals with heat and a filler metal with a melting point above 800F

• nominal thickness between 2in and 5in
• nominal width of 2in or greater

pieces of lumber less than 2in thick and 2in or more in width

pieces of lumber 5in or more in thickness and 5in or more in width

general term for softwood lumber used for structural purposes without regard for specific sizes

• ends cut at an angle such that the longer end rests on a masonry bearing wall and the shorter end is flush with the inside face of the wall
• required in masonry walls to prevent the masonry form being pushed up and out of the wood member should collapse during a fire

• pieces of performed metal, designed to fit over a beam, that provide support for joists framed perpendicularly to the beam
• allows the joists to be installed with their top edges flush with the top edges of the beams
• avoids requirement that the joists be placed over the beams, which would increase the total depth required for floor structure

used for structures that must be disassembled

• size groups
• species
• types of defects

3 sides should not add up more than 26ft

4:12

covers the base flashing to extend from the wall over the base flashing and to cover any expansion joint that may occur at this point

used to prevent the weight of a structure above from bearing on the framing or the glazing

on the stile

• part of the vehicle that dries or evaporates
• one of two parts of the vehicle

• forms final coating
• one of two parts of the vehicle

• 2000lbm (small apartments)
• 6000lbm (freight)
• 4000lbm (large office buildings)
• 3000lbm (med sized buildings)

• top layer should be protected from ultraviolet degradation
• proper installation is more imporatant than the number of plies
• roof insulation can be placed either above or below the roofing

• materials used to seal penetrations through fire walls or smoke barriers
• always noncombustible and may be factory built or constructed in the field

• requires that all workers on US government projects over $2,000 be paid at prevailing wage rates
• 1931

• S= 1.6r +350ft
• S=spee
• r=total height

most secure type of lock

• 1) walls and beams (1 day)
• 2) columns (4 days)
• 3) slab forms (7 days or more)
• 4) beams (min 14 days)

• 25:Normal speech can be understood quite easily and distinctly through wall
• 30: Loud speech can be understood fairly well, normal speech heard but not understood
• 35: Loud speech audible but not intelligible
• 40: Onset of "privacy"
• 42: Loud speech audible as a murmur45Loud speech not audible; 90% of statistical population not annoyed
• 50: Very loud sounds such as musical instruments or a stereo can be faintly heard; 99% of population not annoyed.
• 60:+Superior soundproofing; most sounds inaudible

NRC of 0 indicates perfect reflection; an NRC of 1 indicates perfect absorption