bio exam 2 ch 4

• 1. All living things  made up of cells.
• 2. the cell is basic unit of all living things.
• 3. all cells come from pre-existing cells by division.(Spontaneous Generation does not occur).
• 4. cells  w/ hereditary information passed from cell.
• 5. All cells - same chemical composition.
• 6. all energy flow  occurs within cells.

dr. Robert hooke

• Schleiden
• Schwann
• Virchow

a cell is a system by itself and needs a surface area large enough to allow adequate nutrients to enter and wastes to exit. small cells have the necessary surface area to volume ratio

as cell size decreases, surface area to volume ratio increases

• 1. lack membrane bound nucleus
• 2. smaller and simpler than eukaryotic cells
• 3. two domains: bacteria and archaea
• 4. are diverse
• 5. are versatile

• coccus- spherical
• bacillus- rod shaped
• spirochete- spiral shaped and flexible
• spirillum- spiral shaped and rigid

• capsule: gel like coating outside cell wall
• cell wall: covering that supports, shapes and protects
• plasma membrane: around cytoplasm; regulates entrance and exit of molecules
• nucleoid: location of the bacterial chromosome
• conjugation/sex pilus: appendage used for DNA transfer to other cells
• fimbriae: hairlike bristles that allow adhesion to surfaces
• flagellum: rotating filament that push the cell forward

• contain: membrane bound nucleus that houses DNA
• plasma membrane
• cytoplasm
• size: much larger than prokaryotic cells

• invagination of plasma membrane
• -mitochondria and chloroplasts were bacteria taken in by larger cells that already had a nucleus
• evidence- mitochondria
• - are similar to bacteria
• -are bounded by double membrane
• -contain own DNA and can split
• -have ribosomes that make proteins

command center of the cell

double membrane w nuclear pores that encloses nucleus

diffuse threads containing DNA and protein

region that produces subunits of ribosomes

studded with ribosomes that synthesize proteins

lacks ribosomes, synthesizes lipids

particles that carry out protein synthesis

string of ribosomes simultaneously synthesizing same protein

organelle that carries out cellular respiration, producing ATP molecules

processes, packages, and secrets modified proteins

semifluid matrix outside nucleus that contains organelles

small membrane-bound sac that stores and transports substances

• vesicle that digests macromolecules and even cell parts
• not in plant cells

microtubule organizing center that contains a pair of centrioles

• short cylinders of microtubules
• not in plant cells

• maintains cell shape and assists movement of cell parts
• 3 fibers of macromolecules
• actin filaments, intermediate filaments microtubules

protein fibers that play a role in cell division and shape

protein fibers that provide stability of shape

protein cylinders that move organelles

outer surface that regulates entrance and exit of molecules; made of phospholipid bi-layer and embedded with proteins

• large fluid-filled sac that stores metabolites and helps maintain turgor pressure
• plant cells only

• carries out photosynthesis, producing sugars
• plant cells only

• stack of chlorophyll-containing thylakoids in a chloroplast
• plant cells only

• outer surface that shapes, supports, and protects cell
• plant cells only

• plant cells have: central vacuole, cell wall, chloroplast, and granum
• animal cells have: lysosomes & centrioles