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James Watt
Inventor of the steam engine
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Urbanization
moving into the cities
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Social Darwinism
Belief that the elite (wealthy and powerful)possess biological superiority
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Merger
combination of 2 companies
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Factory
A location of mass production
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Karl Marx
economist, philosopher, founder of Marxism and Scientific Socialism
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Marxism
the belief that the proletariat would revolt and create a classless society in which all land and property belongs to the community as a whole
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Proletariat
working class
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Internal Combustion Engine
an engine that burns coal
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Steam Locomotive
steam powered train
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Thomas Malthus
predicted tat population would outgrow food supply
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tenements
living space in cities
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Capitalism
the belief that anyone can be an entrepreneur and private profits are allowed
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Utopian Socialists
socialists who believed in creating utopia
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Mass Production
Producing many goods in short amount of time
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Socialism
belief that working class will dominate society
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Enclosure
farms merged into one property with many workers
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Utilitarians
people who believed in the greater good for the greater amount of people
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Adam Smith
inventor of laissez-faire, Invisible Hand, known as Father of Economics
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Laissez-faire
free economy, no government interference
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Robert Owen
founder of utopian socialism
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Jeremy Bentham
founder of Utilitarism
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David Ricardo
developed "Iron Law of Wages"
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Charles Darwin
Natural Selection, Darwinism
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labor unions
workers' organizations
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Interchangeable parts
identical components that can be used in place of one another in manufacturing
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Cartel
a combination/trust of businesses
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Monopoly
one company dominating an area of economy
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stock
shares in a company
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Joint-stock Company
private trading company in which shares are sold to investors to finance businesses
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Enclosure
process where small farms were merged into larger ones and common lands were purchase by wealthy landowners
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Where did the Industrial Revolution begin and why?
Great Britain because it had a lot of resources, people and had the agricultural revolution
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How were factories powered?
First by water and then coal
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How are socialism, communism, and capitalism different?
Socialism and communism believed in no private ownership while capitalism did
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Who liked the ideas of Karl Marx and why?
Communists because communism believed in a "classless" system where no one was rich or poor, all property owned by community as a whole
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Congress of Vienna
A victory for conservative forces such as monarchs and officials
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Metternich
dominated Austrian politics for more than 30 years
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Conservatives
Supported political and social order before the French Revolution
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Nationalists
People with common heritage should create their own homeland
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Liberals
Wanted governments to be based on written constitutions and separations of power
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Otto Von Bismark
"Iron Chancellor", created imperial state in Germany, practiced realpolitik
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Realpolitik
Realistic policies based on the needs of the state
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Franco-Prussian War
a struggle over trying to convince southern German states to join Prussia and German union
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Pension
A fixed sum of money given to a retired employee regularly
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King Victor Emmanuel
In 1861 crowned king of Italy
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Kaiser Willhelm I
First Kaiser of Second Reich
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Nationalism
pride in one's nation
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Meiji Restoration
The time period of Japanese modernization
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Commodore Matthew Perry
Commanded American fleets that opened Japan
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Count Cavour
monarchist, practiced realpolitik, wanted to end Austrian power in Italy
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Kulturekampf
Bismark's battle to make Catholics more loyal to the state
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Simon Bolivar
leader in Spain's Latin American colonies' battle for independence
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Creole
American-born descendent of Spanish settlers
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Haiti
France's most valued colony in the 1700's
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Toussaint L'Ouverture
self-educated slave who led the slave revolts in Haiti
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What changes resulted from the Revolutions of 1848 in France, Austria, and the German states
None really, rebellion faded, uprisings failed, conservative system remained
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Compare German and Italian unification
Nationalism spurred, Cavour and Bismark practiced realpolitik, made geographic sense
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imperialism
domination by one country of the political, economic or cultural life of another country
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Protectorate
country with its own government but under the control of an outside power
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Extraterritoriality
right of foreigners to be protected by the laws of their own nation
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Sepoy Rebellion
Indian soldiers rose up against their British officers
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Scramble for Africa
ignited by Leopold 2, scramble to claim parts of Africa
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direct rule
sending officials and soldiers from the ruling country directly
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Indirect rule
the use of local leaders to govern
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