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1965: Elementary and secondary education act
designated federal funds for low-economic status children for public education (title one)
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1975: Education For All Handicapped Children Act
federal funds to provide equal access to education for children with physical and mental disabilities
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1994: Improving America's Schools Act
schools and parents reaching out for one another.
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2000: US Department of Education Goals
- Prioritize parental involvement
- To improve learning and teaching by providing a national framework for education reformed
- etc
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2002: No Child Left Behind
- Requires states to develop assessments in basic skills to be given to all students in certain grades.
- Requires school to get parents more involved
- Being able to transfer your child to higher achieving school
- Measured by standardize testing and graduation rates.
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What are the Influential Theories (on academic development)
- Piaget's Cognitive-Developmental Theory: innate development of minds,
- less important role of environment,
- Idea is that child should have a safe place to explore,
- safe place for innate stages
- Vygotsky's sociocultural theory of development (more about cultural issues):
- social interaction between children and adults is necessary for cognitive development,
- socially mediated development of minds (learning to think from adults),
- 'Scaffolding' (adult provides the structures and decrease it as the child gets better and better)
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Emotional and verbal responsiveness of parents (research)
- parent's vocalizations, warmth, encouragement, teaching style, contact
- correlated with IQ, language development
- types of communication with children believe to be critical with cognitive development
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Cognitive Stimulation in the home environment (research)
- Toy, reading material, visual/auditory stimulation, encouragement, play reading discussions
- Family literacy environment (context of reading: reading habits of parents, reading to children, number of books inside the house, number of hours children watches tv.
- Correlated with school readiness, IQ, reading skills, general knowledge
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Parental use of control and facilitation of independence (research)
Authoritative parenting (making reasonable demands but also expressing warmth and expression)
- Correlated with IQ, cognitive abilities (allows children to develop reasoning skills and see that there are limits)
- have motivation, cause and effect, better with problem skills, learn self-control
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Parental use of discipline (research)
- Positive discipline - firm but democratic (firm tone but have explanation)
- Associated with IQ, cognitive abilities
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Parental involvement in schooling
- social learning theory: impact on children (observing adults or other people, deciding whether or not to mimic them)
- early involvement (critical to develop right habits)
- meaningful involvement (being there helping)
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Demographics and involvement in schooling
involvement may be low, but strong interest
'cultural capital' (consists of both the consciously acquired and the passively "inherited" properties of one's self)
different perspectives on school/teachers (lower economic status believes that teachers are the educators and that's the role of the teachers and not the parents)
incorporation of culture (inviting cultures to get parents more involved)
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Parenting and Vocational Choices
- input and advice (tour around campus with you)
- promote autonomy
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