Patho Exam 1

• proteases physio regulation:
• blood coagulation, apoptosis, complement cascade, MAC etc.

• solute
• move from great concentration to lower concentration

• (Facilitated diffusion)
• move down concentration gradient with protein transport

measurement concentration molecules per weight of water

concentration of molecules per volume of water

• move up concentration gradient
• pumps (Na/K ATPase)

• cell shrivel
• high solute concentration outside, low solute concentration inside
• water moves out

• swell-burst
• low solute concentration outside/ high solute concentration inside
• water moves into cell

• raid change in resting membrane potential
• electrical impurlses

net movement of Na into cell

must reach threshold to generate action potential

Negative polarization reestablished

during action potential, membrane cant respond to stimulus

• Interphase (G1,S,G2) double mass, duplicated materials
• Prophase: appearance of chromosomes
• Metaphase: spindle fibers pull centromeres of chromosomes
• Anaphase: centromeres split, chromatids are pulled apart to opposite ends
• Telophase: new nuclear membrane

• stratified vs simple
• gut
• squamous, cuboidal, columnar, pseudostatified

• elastic, reticular, fibers, ground substances
• examples: cartilage bone, vascular, adipose, organs

smooth, stratisfied (skeletal), cardiac

neuron, synapse, axon, dendrite

reduced blood supply

total loss of blood supply to tissue

decreased ATP-breaks pumps, leads to edema

• oxidative stress due to unpaired electrons
• to stabilize lose/steal electron from cell membrane (lipid peroxidation)

• death of body tissue
• cellular auto digestion

• kidney, heart, adrenal glands
• protein denaturation
• gelatin, cooked egg white
• hypoxia from chemical injury

• neurons, glial cells of brain
• hydrolytic enzymes

• TB pulmonary infection
• crumbled cheese
• (coagulative and liquefactive)

• breast, pancrease, abd organs
• from lipase breakdown
• TG release fatty acids
• appearance: chalky white, opaque

• caused by coagulative
• skin dry and shrinks
• dark brown/black

• caused by liquefactive
• black, cold, foul odor, swollen

bubbles fromed from hydrolytic enzyme

• programmed cell death
• -nuclear, cytoplasmic shrink
• -suicide cascade
• -recruit phagocytes=inflammation

reduced body temperature

blood pooling

muscles stiffen

• loosen skin
• swell

• capillary hydrostatic (CH)
• interstitial oncotic (IO)
•      stimulate filtration
• capillary oncotic (CO)
• interstitial hydrostatic (IH)
•       stop filtration (reabsorption)

-Net filtration= filtration-reabsorption

regulates sodium and water

complementary base paring by RNA polymerase to make mRNA

• mRNA to make polypeptides
• need tRNA

• diploid cells
• non sex

• sex determining cells
• haploid
• x-female
• y-male

• example of anueploidy
• trisomy 21
• mental retardation, low nasal bridges, epicanthal folds, poor muscle tone

trisomies only in some cells of body

somatic cells doesn't contain 23 chromosomes

• 45 chromosomes, no Y (single x)
• female, gonadal streaks
• short, webbing neck, wide spaced nipples, sparse body hair

• 47 XXY
• male appearance, half developed breasts, small testes, sparse body hair, high pitched voice

• 5p deletion (piece of choromosome missing)
• cry of a cat
• low birth weight, severe mental retardation, microcephaly

• site on long arm of chromosome expansion
• mental retardation, higher in males

location of gene on chromosome

observed allele

hidden allele

percent of individuals with specific henotypes who will express expected phenotype

• variation in a phenotype
• mild to severe

number of new cases of a disease reported during a period of time

proportion of population affected by disease at specific point in time

• local erythemia
• swelling
• pain
• heat

return to original

approximation of original

• due to extensive damage
• scar (mostly collagen)

• cleanup of dissolved clots, microorganism, tissue etc
• vasodialation, permeability from inflammation is reversed.

• extends beyond boundaries
• impaired collagen

• swollen but stays within boundaries
• impaired collagen

scar pulls apart, suture

• antibody (binds to antigen)
• immune globulins
• stimulate inflammation, leads to phagocytosis
• T memory cells

• lymphocytes
• T ells react with antigen stimulate leukocytes,cytokine and Tc=kills
• B memory cells

• antigens/t cells produced after natural exposure
• (peanut allergy 1st okay, 2nd reaction)

• antibodies transferred
• transfusion, placenta

binds to antibody

• major hisotcompatilbiity complex
• group of gene codes for protein found on surface of cells (antigens) help immune system recognize foreign substances.
• MHC1: CD8, Tc
• MHC2: CD4 Th

• human leukocyte antigens (HLA's)
• tissue rejection
• tissue typed donor and recipient

• recognize anitgens
• IgG-most abundant, placenta
• IgA-1blood,2 secretions
• IgD-?
• IgE-allergy
• IgM-first response

• Help: antigen driven maturation of B and T cells
• Th1: developing cell-mediated immunity
• Th2: developing humoral immunity

self antigen

• reaction to tissue of another individual
• organ transplant/blood donation

• decrease T cell
• decrease antibodies
• increase autoantibodies
• decrease member b cells

1:IgE=mast cells (seasonal allergy rhinitis)

2: tissue specific (autoimmune hemotytic anemia, graves) =phagocytosyis, APCC,etc

3: Immune complex: neutrophils (reactive arthiritis, systemic lupus erythmatis)

4: cell mediated: lymphocytes, macrophages (poison ivy)

• hypersensitivity reaction
• itching, hives, skin erythema, bronchioles contracted, larynx edme, vomit, GI cramps, diarrhea

• breakdown tolerance
• sequester antigen
• infectious disease
• neoantigen

• failure of B cells, t cells, phagocytes, complement for self defense function
• Primary: congenital (genetic)
• Secondary: acquired by other disease or exposure

high constant rate of infection in a population

number of infections in population exceeds number usually observed

worldwide epidemic

initial exposure to onset of mild symptoms

initial symptoms-mild

• multiply
• elicit immune response
• development of symptoms depends on pathogen

• immune/inflammation has worked, removed pathogen
• symptoms decline

• mutation
• T and B cells don't recgonize

recombination (virus)

switch genes on/off

enzymes released cause decrease in protein syntehsis

• liposacc. in membrane released produce toxin
• gram negative

• take over DNA, RNA, protein synth, cant replicate on own
• lysomal membranes destruct
• promote apoptosis
• change cells to cancerous

• HIV
• deplete Thcells
• blood borne
• in late phase decrease of CD4 t cells

TX HAART