what is a disinfectant that can be used on living tissue
antiseptic
what disinfectant kills bacteria but doesnt harm the host infected
antibiotic
how can an antibiotic target a bacteria that is obligately intracellular parasites (such as chlamydia and rickettsia).
it must enter the cells in order to target these gram-bacteria
why cant tetracycline target mycobacterium
because mycobacterium has a acid fast cell wall
name three parts of the spectrum of antimicrobial activity from antibiotics
1- broad
2- narrow
3- super
what are bactericidal antimicrobials
antimicrobials that kill microbes
what are bacteriostatic antimicrobials
antimicrobials that inhibits growth
name the ways antimicrobial drugs can inhibit microbial life in 5 ways
1- replication
2- transcription
3- translation
4- synthesis of metabolites
5- break plasma membrane
what is replication
time when bacteria can duplicate DNA
what is transcription
converting DNA to RNA
name three antibiotics that inhibit protein synthesis
chloramphenicol
streptomycin
tetracycline
what does penicillin do?
inhibit cell wall synthesis
name the natural penicillin
penicillin G (IV)
penicillin V (oral)
antibiotic modified in labs to work against gram + bacteria and overcome resistance
semi-synthetic penicillin
what do you call a enzyme activates penicillin
penicillinase
name penicillin inhibitors that break molecules of penicillin and become resistant to it.
B-lactum penicillin antibiotics
name the different cephalosporins
first generation
second generation
third generation
name polypeptides
bacitracin
vancomycin
bacitracin works against
gram + bacteria
what is a glycopeptide and works against S. aureus when its resistant to penicillin
vancomycin
what antibiotics are used against mycobacteria
antimycobacteria antibiotics
which antibiotic is broad spectrum but can lead to opportunistic infections
tetracycline
which antibiotic can injure the plasma membrane of bacteria
polymyxin B
which antibiotic inhibits RNA synthesis and works against mycobacteria
rifamycin
which antibiotics are competitive inhibitors
sulfonamides sulfa-drugs
why aren't antifungals antibiotics?
because virus' aren't technically alive
which tests are used to test
disk-diffusion method
E test
the E test tests what?
the concentration of antibiotic and uses minimum inhibitation level
how are bacteria resistant to antibiotics?
they block entry
they inactivate bacterial enzymes
what is it called when two drugs work better in synchronization rather then working alone
syngerism
what is it called when 2 or more drugs cancel the effect of both
antagonism
what is the term for a drug that kills harmful microbes without damaging the host
selective toxicity
what year did Fleming discover penicillin
1928
what produces penicillin
penicillium
when was the first clinical trials of penicillin
1940
define a group of over 50 chemical related antibiotics which all have a common base
penicillin
what is a penicilinase resistant penicillin
methicillin
what is extended-spectrum penicillins
ampicillin
which antibiotic inhibits mycolic acid synthesis
isoniazid (NH)
what are broad spectrum antibiotics which are used to treat UTIs, STDs, and against intracellular bacteria; and it does this by interfering with tRNA attachment. These antibiotics lead to disturbing normal flora and lead to superinfections such as candida.
tetracyclines
which antibiotic is topical and combined with bacitracin and neomycin in over the counter preparation.
polymyxin B
which antibiotic inhibits RNA synthesis and is antituberculosis
rifamycin
which antibiotic is inhibits DNA gyrase and works against UTIs.
quinolones and fluoroquinolones
which group of antibiotics are sulfonamides (sulfa drugs) categorized with?
quinolones and fluoroquinolones
which antibiotics inhibit folic acid synthesis and is broad spectrum
sulfonamides or sulfa-drugs
name a antiviral drug
anti-HIV drug
an area where growth is inhibited
zone of inhibition
define MIC
minimal inhibitory concentration
define MBC
minimal bactericidal concentration
MBC can lead to antibiotic resistances because
the of the minimum concentration is allowing the cells to mutate
four mechanisms of antibiotic resistance
1- enzymatic destruction of drug
2- prevention of penetration of drug
3- alteration of drugs target site
4- rapid ejection of the drug
resistance genes are often on ... or ... that can be transfered between bacteria
plasmids or transporons
name the 5 misuses of antibiotics
1- using outdated antibiotics
2- using antibiotics for minor conditions such as the common cold
3- using them in animal feed
4- failing to use the entire prescribed regimen
5- using someone else's antibiotics.
define study of dz
pathology
define study of the cause of a dz
etiology
developement of a disease
pathogenesis
colonization of the body by pathogens
infection
an abnormal state in which the body isnt functioning as normally
disease
how long does transient microflora be present for
days, weeks, or months
how long can normal microflora be present for?
all your life
the relationship between normal microbiota and the host
symbiosis
when one organism is benefited while the other remains uninfected
commensalism
when host and parasite organism benefit eachother mutually
mutualism
when one organism is benefiting and the expense of another
parasitism
define competition between microbes
microbial antagonism
name 3 ways normal microflora protects the host
1- they occupy niches that pathogens can
2- they produce acids for us
3- they produce bacteriocins
what are live microbes applied to or ingested into the body with the intention to exert a beneficial effect
probiotics
define a change in body function that is felt by a patient as a result of dz
a symptom
define a change in a body that can be measured or observed as a result of dz
a sign
define a specific group of signs and symptoms that accompany a dz
syndrome
a dz that is easily spread from one host to another
communicable or contagious dz
a dz that is not easily spread form one host to another
non communicable dz
fraction of a population that contracts a dz during a specific time
incidence
a dz that occurs occasionally in a population
sporadic dz
dz acquired by many host in a given area in a short time
epidemic disease
worldwide epidemic
pandemic
immunity in most of a population
herd immunity
symptoms develop rapidly
acute dz
when symptoms develop slowly
chronic dz
when symptoms develop between chronic and acute dz
subacute dz
dz with a period of now symptoms when the patient is inactive
latent dz
when pathogens are limited to a small area of the body
local infection
an infection throughout the body
systemic infection
a systemic infection that began as a local infection
focal infection
presence of bacteria in the blood
bacteremia
growth of bacteria in the blood
septicemia
presence of toxins in the blood
toxemia
presence of virus in the blood
viremia
acute infection that causes the initial illness
primary infection
opportunistic infection after a primary infection
secondary infection
having no noticeable signs or symptoms to a dz
subclinical dz
kinds of vectors
mechanical
biological
infections that are those that originate or occur in a hospital or hospital like setting
nosocomial infections
incidence of a specific notifiable dz
morbidity
mortality
deaths from notifiable dz
ability to cause dz
pathogenicity
extent of pathogenicity
virulence
ID50 is...
the ability for a drug to infect 50% of the test population
LD50 is...
the ability for a drug to kill 50% of the test population
what 4 things affect virulence
1- penetration host defenses
2- capsules
3- enzymes
4- antigenic variation
Antigenic variations do what
alter surface proteins
what 4 factors influence antigenic variation
1- coagulase
2- kinase
3- collagenase
4- IgA proteases
enzyme that coagulates blood
coagulase
enzyme that digests fibrin clots
kinase
enzyme that hydrolyzes collagen
collagenase
enzyme that destroys IgA antibodies
IgA proteases
ability to produce toxins, a underlying by which many bacterial pathogens produce dz
toxigenesis
name 5 types of bacterial toxins
liposaccharides
cell-associated liposaccharides (LPS)
proteins
endotoxins
exotoxins
substance that contribute to pathogenicity
toxin
ability to produce a toxin
toxigenicity
presence of toxin the hosts blood that can cause serious and fatal effects
toxemia
inactivated toxin used in a vaccine
toxoid
antibodies against a specific toxin
antitoxin
Author
jenafer
ID
22381
Card Set
Antibiotic drugs
Description
description of antibiotics used and against which bacteria