Med Terms 7

• Produce, store, and release hormones into the blood
• Hormones are used by other organs to control & coordinate functions such as: metabolism, reproduction, growth, and development

Ductless glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream

They bind to receptors in the target tissue which results in specific biologic effects

• The largest endocrine gland
• Composed of right & left lobe on either side of trachea below the thyroid cartilage
• Secretes thyroxine and calcitonin
• Increases (^) metabolism in body cells
• Lowers (v) blood calcium

Produces the prominence known as the Adam's apple

A narrow strip of glandular tissue that connects the two lobes on the anterior surface of the trachea

• Thyroxine (T₄)-regulates metabolism
• Triidothyronine (T₃)-regulates metabolism
• Calcitonin-stimulates calcium to leave the blood and enter the bones

• Four small glands located behind the thyroid gland
• Secretes Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
• Increases (^) blood calcium

• Regulates calcium and phosphorus levels in blood and bones
• Mobilizes calcium from bones to bloodstream

• Pair of glands located on top of the kidneys
• Each gland consists of two parts; the ADRENAL CORTEX (outer portion of the gland) and an inner portion, the ADRENAL MEDULLA

• Secretes Cortisol, a glucosteroid which increases blood sugar
• Secretes Aldosterone, a mineralcorticoid which increases reabsorption of sodium
• Secretes Androgens(Testosterone)/Estrogens, sex hormones which are secondary sex characteristics

• Inner portion of the gland
• Secretes Epinephrine (adrenaline) and Norepinephrine (noradrenaline)-both aid body during stress by raising heart rate, blood pressure, and respiration
• Both hormones are Sympathomimetic

• -Adrenaline
• -Increase heart rate and blood pressure
• -Release glucose from storage when body needs more energy

• -Noradrenaline
• -Constrict blood vessels to raise blood pressure

• Endocrine cells inside the pancreas, which is located partly behind the stomach
• Secretes Insulin (glucose to glycogen) and Glucagon (glycogen to glucose)

• Pea size gland located at the base of the brain; consists of two lobes (anterior and posterior)
• The hypothalamus (region of the brain under the thalamus and above the pituitary gland) controls release of hormones from the pituitary gland

• region of the brain under the thalamus and above the pituitary gland
• controls release of hormones from the pituitary gland
• It releases thyrotrophin-releasing hormone (TRH), which triggers the pituitary gland to release TSH.

• Secretes (1) Growth Hormone-increases bone and tissue growth
• (2) Thyroid-stimulating Hormone-Stimulates thyroid gland and thyroxine secretion
• (3) ACTH-stimulates adrenal cortex-cortisol
• (4) Follicle stimulating hormone-Oogenesis and Spermatogenesis
• (5) Luteinizing Hormone-Promotes ovulation, testosterone secretion
• (6) Prolactin-Promotes growth of breast tissue, milk production

• Stimulates the growth of the adrenal cortex and increases its secretion of steroid hormones
• Produced by the Anterior Lobe of the Pituitary Gland

• Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)
• In females, stimulates growth of eggs in ovaries, the production of hormones and ovulation
• In males, FSH influences production of sperm and LH stimulates testes to produce testosterone
• Produced by the Anterior Lobe of the Pituitary Gland

• Promotes protein synthesis that results in growth of bones, muscles, other tissues
• Produced by the Anterior Lobe of the Pituitary Gland

• Stimulates breast development during pregnancy and sustains milk production after birth
• Produced by the Anterior Lobe of the Pituitary Gland

• Stimulates the thyroid gland and secretion of T₃ and T₄, which help control the body's metabolism
• Produced by the Anterior Lobe of the Pituitary Gland

• Stimulates reabsorption of water absorption by the kidney tubules
• Increases blood pressure by constricting arterioles
• Produced by the Posterior lobe of the Pituitary gland

• Stimulates uterine contractions
• Produced by the Posterior lobe of the Pituitary gland

• Secretes Antidiuretic hormone, which stimulates reabsorption of water by kidney tubules
• Secretes Oxytocin, which stimulates contraction of uterus during childbirth

• Female reproductive glands attached to the uterus
• Produce estrogens- development of ova, female secondary sex characteristics
• Produce progesterone-prepares and maintains uterus in pregnancy

• Male reproductive glands located in the scrotum
• Produce testosterone, which help in development of sperm, male secondary sex characteristics

• Most common form is Graves disease (autoimmune)
• Increased metabolism, increase in heart rate, higher body temperature, hyperactivity, exophthalmos (protrusion of eyeballs)
• Usually women
• Genetic predisposition
• Treatment: Antithyroid drugs to reduce amount of thyroid hormone produced; radioactive iodine to destroy overactive glandular tissue

• Underactivity of Thyroid gland
• Result of thyroidectomy, thryoiditis, etc.
• Symptoms: fatigue, sluggishness, weight gain
• Types: Myxedema, Cretinism

• Hyposecretion of Thyroid Gland
• Advanced hypothyroidism in adulthood
• Atrophy of thyroid gland; dry, puffy skin, atherosclerosis

• Hyposecretion of Thyroid Gland
• Extreme hypothyroidism during infancy and childhood
• Leads to lack of normal physical and mental growth
• Treatment: administration of thyroid hormone

• Enlargement of thyroid gland
• Occurs due to lack of iodine in diet, which leads to low T₃ and T₄
• Stimulates thyroid gland to secrete more hormones, but bc no iodine is available, the gland is increased
• Prevention: iodine in diet

• Thyroid scan
• Diagnosis made by fine needle aspiration, surgical biopsy or thyroidectomy
• Treatment: radioactive iodine to destroy remaining tissue

Scan of the thyroid gland using radioactive substance, ultrasound, or computed tomography to show the size, shape, and position of the thyroid gland

Blood tests that measure thyroid hormone levels in the blood

• Blood test that measures the amount of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) in the blood
• Used to diagnose hyperthyroidism or to monitor thyroid replacement therapy

Blood test that measures the amount of thyroxine in the blood to diagnose hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism

• Abnormal condition of Adrenal Cortex
• Group of symptoms produced by the secretion of excess cortisol
• Obesity, moon-like fullness of the face, osteoporosis
• Cause may be excess ACTH secretion, tumor of the adrenal cortex, prolonged administration of steroids (athletes, patients treated for autoimmune disorders)

• Abnormal condition of Adrenal Cortex
• Group of symptoms produced by hypofunctioning of the adrenal cortex
• Malaise, weakness, muscle atrophy, hyperpigmentation
• Cause: autoimmune adrenalitis
• Treatment: cortisone and salt intake or administration of synthetic form of aldosterone

• Abnormal condition of the adrenal medulla
• Benign tumor of the adrenal medulla
• Tumor produces excess amounts of epinephrine and norepinephrine
• Hypertension, palpitations, sweating, flushing of the face, muscle spasms
• Treatment: surgery to remove tumor, antihypertensive drugs

• Abnormal condition of the Pancreas
• Endocrine cells inside the pancreas secrete insulin, regulates blood glucose levels
• Results in hypoglycemia
• Excess secretion of insulin
• May be a tumor of the pancreas (benign adenoma or carcinoma) or overdose of insulin
• Symptoms include fainting, convulsions, loss of consciousness

• Abnormal condition of the Pancreas
• Lack of insulin secretion or resistance of insulin in promoting sugar, starch, and fat metabolism in cells
• Prevents sugar from leaving the blood and entering the body cells to produce energy

• Clinical features: (1) usually occurs before 30 y.o., (2) abrupt, rapid onset, little or no insulin production, (3) thin or normal body weight at onset, (4) Ketoacidosis often occurs
• Symptoms: Polyuria, polydipsia, and polyphagia
• Treatment: Insulin

• Clinical features: (1) Usually occurs after age 30, (2) gradual onset; asymptomatic, (3) Insulin usually present, (4) 85% are obese, (5) Ketoacidosis seldom occurs
• Symptoms: Polyuria sometimes seen, polydipsia sometimes seen, polyphagia sometimes seen
• Treatment: diet, oral hypoglycemics, or insulin

Test to measure the amount of glucose in the blood

Blood test that measures the amount of glucose in the blood after fasting for at least 8 hours

• Blood test that measures the amount of glucose in the blood after administering a dose of glucose to the patient
• Used to gauge the body's ability to metabolize glucose

• Blood test that indicates the amt. of glucose in the blood over the previous few months
• Used to indicate how well diabetes mellitus in being controlled

Device for measuring blood glucose levels from a drop of blood obtained by a fingerstick

• Device used for monitoring blood glucose
• Dosage instructions are entered into the pump's small computer and the approximate amt. of insulin is then injected into the body in a calculated, controlled manner

• Abnormal condition of the Anterior Lobe of the Pituitary Gland
• Enlargement of the extremities caused by hypersecretion of the anterior pituitary after puberty
• Excess production of hormone is produced by adenomas of the pituitary gland that occur during adulthood
• Bones in the hands, feet, face, and jaw grow abnormally large
• Pituitary adenoma can be irradiated or surgically removed

• Hyposecretion of the Anterior Lobe of the Pituitary Gland
• Normal mental development
• Bones remain small
• Administer growth hormone
• Achondroplastic dwarfs: genetic defect in cartilage formation; limits growth of long bones

• Abnormal condition of the Parathyroid Glands
• xcessive production of parathyroid hormone
• Hypercalcemia
• Loss of bone density, susceptibility to fractures and cysts
• Cause is parathyroid hyperplasia or parathyroid tumor
• Treatment: resection of overactive tissues, medications to decrease bone turnover and hypercalcemia

• Abnormal condition of the Parathyroid Glands
• Deficient production of parathyroid hormone
• Hypocalcemia
• Muscle and nerve weakness
• Muscle spasms (tetany)
• Treatment: administration of calcium and vitamin D

Medical specialty concerned with diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the endocrine system

Physician who specializes in endocrinology

• Thyroid scans and uptake tests use small doses of radioactive chemicals
• to create pictures of the thyroid gland. These tests help to assess the
• size, structure and function of the thyroid.

Extremity, tip

Gland

Adrenal glands

Calcium

Cortex

To secrete

Endocrine

Glucose, sugar

Sex glands (ovaries, testes)

Hormone

Pancreas

Parathyroid glands

Growing

Pituitary gland

Body

Thymus gland

Thyroid gland

A substance

enlargement

resembling

deficiency

stimulating the function of

good, normal

rapid, sharp

all

many, much

four

three

• When the body's sex glands produce little or no hormones. In men, these
• glands (gonads) are the testes. In women, these glands are the ovaries.

The inflammation of the thyroid gland

• Also known as hypercalcinuria
• The condition of elevated calcium in urine

excessive thirst

The excretion of glucose into the urine.

Normal urine contains no glucose because the kidneys are able to reclaim all of the filtered glucose back into the bloodstream.

The condition in which the concentration of  potassium (K+) in the blood is elevated.

normal thyroid gland

abnormal enlargement of a gland

any disease due to disorder of the endocrine system

Surgical removal of the thyroid and parathyroid glands.

an incision of the larynx through the thyroid cartilage.

produced inside the body

Produced outside the body

All physical and chemical changes that occur in tissue