Musculoskeletal

1) support lower extremities
2) support and protect the soft body organs
3) with muscles, allow body to move about
4) store minerals, such as Calcium and Phosphorus
5) provides framework
6) red bone marrow produces blood cells

Skelatal,Muscle, and Cardiac

longer than they are wide. found in arms, forearms, palms, fingers, thigh, legs and instep. metacarpals

shaped like cubes and primarily found in the wrist and ankles

thin, flat, and curved. form ribs, breastbone, skull and shoulder girdle

differently shaped, hip bones, vertebrae, and some in the skull

Bone is also called

dense, hard bone tissue primarily found in shafts of long bones and on outer surface of other bones, tightly packed, provides great deal of strength. consists of many osteons, running parallel to each other, communicating blood vessels run laterally and connect the osteons with each other and with periosteal lining, which supply bone tissue with blood that supplies tissues with oxygen and nutrients

Less dense, located primarily at the end of long bones and in center of other bones; seperated by holes that give it a swiss cheese appearance, which are important for 2 reasons (1. decrease weight of bone and 2) contain red bone marrow which supplies the bone blood and also produces blood cells for other parts of body)

Long shaft of the bone

enlarged ends of the bone that articulate with a second bone at a joint

band of hyaline cartilage located near proximal and distal ends of long bone. Where longitudinal growth occurs

sensitive to the sex hormones estrogen and testosterone causing fusion and longitudal growth to stop; more sensitive to estrogen making girls shorter than boys; after puberty, longitudal growth usually ceases

hyperstimulation of the growth hormone causes

hypostimulation of the growth hormone causes

induces premature fusion of the epiphyseal disk, thereby permanently stunting growth

on the underside of the periosteum continuously deposit bone on the external bone surface; build new bone

found on the inner bone surface surrounding the medullary cavity, break down bone tissue, thereby hollowing out the interior of the bone

process whereby osteoclasts break down bone matrix; moves calcium from bone to the blood; plays a crucial role in regulation of blood calcium levels

factor that plays a role is bone growth

the people bones tend to lose bone mass and are easily broken when stressed

break in which the overlying skin remains intact and local tissue damage in minimal

a broken bone that also pierce the skin; cause extensive tissue damage; risk of infection is a concern

is a incomplete break in the bone and usually occurs in children

line of the fracture extends in a spiral direction along the diaphysis; subject to a twisting motion

fracture in which there are two or more fragments; the small fragments seem to be floating

a comminuted fracture in which the two parts of the broken bone have been jammed into each other

A large rounded knob that usually articulates with another bone

A prominent projection on a bone

An opening through a bone; usually serves as a passageway for nerves, blood vessels, and ligaments

A cavity or hollow space

bones of the cranium, face, middle ear bones, hyoid bone, vertebral column, and bony thorax

bones of the pelvic girdles, the upper extremities (arms, forarms, wrist palms and fingers) and lower extremities (thighs, legs, ankles, instep and toes)

sits on top of the vertebral column and is formed by two groups of bones; the cranium and the facial bones

bony structure that encases and protects the brain

forms forehead and the upper part of the bony structure of surrounding the eyes

two; form the upper sides of the head and roof of the cranial cavity

two on the side of head; close to ears; include external auditory meatus, the zygomatic process which forms the cheekbone, the styloid process a sharp projection used as attatchment for the tongue and larynx, and the mastoid process which forms a point of attachment for some of the neck muscles

located at the back and base of the cranium

large hole in the occipital bone allows for brainstem to extend downward on either side are bony projections called condyles that sit on the first vertebrae of the vertebral column

butterfly shaped; forms part of the floor and part of the cranium; also forms part of the orbits surrounding the eye.

irregularly shaped bone located between the eye orbits; major supporting bony structure of nasal cavity

the lower jaw; carries lower teeth; anterior forms the chin; forms only moveable joint in the skull;

two posterior upright projections have bony projections; can be felt as the depression immediately in front of the ear

two maxillary bones fuse to form the upper jaw; carries the upper teeth; forms the anterior portion of the hard part palate of the mouth; also forms part of the nasal cavity and the eye orbit

two bones that form the posterior part of the floor of the nasal cavity

air-filled cavities located in several of the bones of the skull; they lessen the weight of the skull and modulate the sound of the voice

four sinuses that surround and connect with the nasal structures

inflammation of the sinuses

connect the nasal passages and the throat

cause the membranes that line the facial sinuses to oversecrete mucus. the mucus forms an excellent medium for bacterial growth

the bones of the adult skull form a unique type of joint

the infant skull area that have not yet been converted to bone

allow skull to compress during birth; allows for the continued growth of the brain and throughout infancy

sutures of the infant skull fuse to early preventing growth of the brain; characterized by a small cranium, restricted brain growth, and impaired intellectual functioning

the sutures of the infant skull expand too much; the bones are forced apart and the skull enlarges

it will bulge outward in response to increasing pressure within the skull

where to check for dehydration in a infant

each ear contains three small bones called

called the backbone; extends form the skull to the pelvis

constists of 26 bones; stacked in a column

1) forms a support structure for the head and thorax
2) forms an attachment for the pelvic girdle
3) Encases and protects spinal cord as the cord extends from the brain into the spinal cavity
4) provides flexibility for the body

vertebrae located in the neck region

U-shaped bone located in in the upper neck; anchors the tongue and associated with swallowing; often fractured in strangulation

Large vertebrae located at C7; used as a landmark in assessing surface anatomy

vertebrae located in the chest region

located in the lower back

five sacral vertebrae fused into one

tailbone

first cervical vertebra; supports the skull and allows you to nod "yes'

second cervical vertebra; acts as a pivot  or swivel; allows your head to rotate to the side to side as you say "no"

opening for the spinal cord

vertebral column is also called

refers to the failure to the lamina to fuse during fetal developement

surgical procedure performed to access the intervertebral disc

refers to the lateral curvature of the spine; usually involving the thoracic vertebrae; can impair breathing

exaggerated thoracic curvature; can impair breathing; sometimes called swayback

exaggerated lumbar curvature; sometimes called swayback

chest region; surrounds and protects the lungs, heart , large blood vessels, and some abdominal organs such as liver and spleen; plays a role in breathing and support the shoulders

composed of sternum, ribs, or thoracic vertebrae

breastbone, dagger shaped, bone located along the the midline of the anterior chest

manubrium, body and xiphoid process

tip of the sternum; serves as point of attachment for abdominal muscles, landmark for CPR

top 7 pairs attach direrctly to the sternum by costal cartilage

5 pairs attach indirectly to the sternum and do not attach at all

bottom 2 pairs of false ribs lack sternal attatchment; because of their location and lack of sternal support; easily broken

space between the ribs

muscles located between the ribs

should be less than 90 degrees angle formed by ribs and xipoid process; pregnancy increases this angle

contains two bones 1 scapula and 1 scapula; support the upper limb and serves as a place of attachment for the muscle

collarbone; articulates with both sternum and scapula; most frequently broken bone

called the shoulder blade; large flat bone shaped like a triangle

site on scapula where the head of the humerus thereby allowing you to rotate your arm at the shoulder

serves as a point of attachment for ligaments and muscles; forms the "pointy" part of the shoulder

attachment point for muscles and ligaments in the shoulders

upper arm bone; fits into the glenoid cavity allowing the arm to rotate at the shoulder joint

second bone of the forarm; larger of two bones; located on the medial or little finger side of the forearm

the point of the elbow

eight bones of the wrist; tightly bound by ligaments

five bones form the palm of the hand; in line with fingers

14 finger bones

two coxal bones that articulate with each other anteriorly and with the sacrum posteriorly

1) bears the weight of the body
2) serves as a point of attachment for the thighs
3) protects the organs located in pelvic cavity including the urinary bladder and reproductive organs

formed by the pelvic girdle, scrum, and coccyx

hip bone; composed of 3 parts, the ilium, ischium, and pubis;

the ilium, ishium, and pubis form a depression; important cause it receives the head of femur and therefore enables the thigh to rotate at the hip joint

the largest part of the coxal bone; can be felt at the hip; outer edge is called the crest; produces blood cells and common site for bone marrow biopsy

most inferior part of the coxal bone

most anterior part of coxal bone

to pubic bones join together in front to form; a disc of cartilage separates the pubic bone; response to hormones expands the disc enlarging the pelvic cavity to provide space for growing fetus

thighbone; longest and strongest bone of the body; easily broken in a fall; in bedridden patients forced immobility causes many complications such as blood clots and pneumonia

provide sites of attachment for many muscles

kneecap; triangular bone located within a tendon that passes over the knee

shinbone; articulates with the femur at the knee; larger weight bearing bone of the body

long, thin bone positioned laterally alongside the tibia; is not part of the knee and does not bear any weight

seven bones form the ankle;

articulates with the tibia and fibula

heel bone supports most of the weight of the body

14 bones of the toes

great toe

develop in response to excessive force whereby the big toe is compressed and forced towards and forced toward the second toe

shift of weight to the balls of the feet causes painful and debilitating nerve growths between the toes

shift of the body weight causes pain in the ball of the foot

excessive pressure of the heel of the shoe on bone causes an enlargement on the heel bone so common it has its own medical name

shift in weight adds unnatural stress to the knee joint; knee replacement is more common in women and related to wearing abusive footwear

site where 2 bones meet

1) hold bones together
2) provide flexibility to the rigid skeleton

branch of science that studies joints

branch that studies disease of the joints

cranial bones; permit no movement

Invertebral discs; symphysis pubis; permit limited movement

provide more flexibility and movement; also known as synovial joints

articular surface of each of the two bones is lined with

made of fibrous connective tissue; encloses the joint in a strong sleeve-like covering

lines the joint capsule thereby decreasing the friction within the joint

small sacs of synovial fluid and tendons that cross the joint; permits the tendons to slide as the bones move

surrounding the join the articulating bones together and stabilize the joint can be stretched or torn, causing pain and loss of mobility

allows movement similar to the movement of two bones joined together by a hinge; allows movement in one direction, includes, elbows, knees and fingers

formed when the ball shaped end of one bone fits into a cup shaped socket of another bone so bones can move in many directions around a central point; allows for a wide range of movement also allows for easy displacement of the joint struncture. shoulder and hip joint

allows for rotation around the length of a bone; occurs as the atlas (rotation) and axis (pivot)

formed when the surface of both articulating bones form concave and convex areas that fit together

formed by the interaction of the flat surface of the articulating bones; allows for limited but complex gliding movement; found in wrist and vertebral column

formed when oval-shaped articular surface of one bone fits into the oval-shaped depression of the second articulating bone; wrist and knuckles

crescent-shaped pads that rest on the tibia

knee joint is reinforced and aligned by supporting ligaments

acronym used for sprains and strains

frequent victims of athletic events; prevents hyperextension of the knee and is torn when forcibly hyperextended

the shoulder joint is called this; indicating that the head of the humerus fits into the glenoid cavity of the scapula

muscles and tendons that hold the head of the humerus in the glenoid cavity

the elbow joint is called

ball-and-socket joint formed where the head of the femur articulated with the acetabulum, the depression formed by the three coxal bones

bending of a joint that decreases the angle between the bones

straightening of a joint so that the angle between the bone increases

bending of the foot down as in toe dancing

bending of the foot up towards the leg

this id the movement away for the midline of the body

this is the movement towards the midline of the body

this is the turning the sole inwards so that it faces the opposite foot

turning of the foot outwards

turning of the hand so palm faces upward

turning of the hand so palm faces downward

combination of movements as in circular arm movement

skeletal, smooth and cardiac

generally attached to bone; contracts by choice (voluntary) cells are long, shaped like cylinders or tubes; composed of proteins arranged to appear striped or striated

produces movement, maintains body posture, and stabilize joints; produce considerable heat and therefore help to maintain body temperature; limited capacity for regeneration

generally found on the wall s of the visera; called viseral muscle; found in tubes such as stomach, bronchioles, and blood vessels; functions automatically (involuntarily) does not appear striped; called non striped muscle;

smooth muscle contraction is slower and continues for longer periods of time; this characteristic allows for continuous partial contraction of the smooth muscle

of smooth muscle in blood vesselshelps maintain blood pressure, allows the walls of organs such as the uterus, the bladder, and stomach to expand to store their contents temporarily

found only in the heart, where it functions to pump blood throughout the body; no capacity for regeneration; classified as involuntary and striated

long branching cells that fit together tightly at junctions promote rapid conduction of electrical signals throughout the heart

large skeletal muscle is surrounded by layer of tough connective tissue

outer layer of fascia

surrounds smaller bundles of muscles fibers

individual muscle fibers are found within the fasciles and are surrounded by the third layer of connective tissue

the epimysium, the perimysium, and endomysium extend towards and attach to the bone as a long cord-like structure

severe crush injury , muscle is damaged, becomes inflamed and leaks fluid into compartment; pressure increases and compresses the nerve; deprived of o2 and nutrients nerves begin to die. Immediate treatment involves reduction of pressure by surgically reducing the fascia lengthwise. failure to restore blood flow results in permanent muscle and nerve damage

tendons attach muscle to bone, muscles attach directly to bone or to soft tissue, and muscle to muscle and muscle  to bone

flat sheetlike fascia

muscle fiber that has more than 1 nucleus and is surrounded by a cell membrane

when cell membranes penetrate deep into the interior muscle fiber they form

muscle composed of long cylinderical structures

myofibril is made up of a series of contractile units called

each sarcomere extends from zline to zline and is formed by a unique arrangement of contractile proteins  referred to as

composed of 2 proteins called actin and troponin-tropomysin complex

contains binding sites for the myosin

thicker myosin filaments sit between thin filaments extending from the thick myosin filaments are structures called

arrangement of thick and thin filaments give skeletal and cardiac muscle

when stimulated the myosin heads make contact with the myosin binding sites on actin forming temporary connections

once cross-bridges are formed , the myosin heads rotate pulling the actin towards the center of the sarcomere, rotation of myosin heads cause thin filaments to slide past the thick filaments.

occurs when the cross-bridges are broken and the thin and thick filaments return to their original position

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) and Calcium play important role in

The ATP, however can perform only if _______ is present

when muscle is relaxed ________ is stored in the sarcoplasmic reticulum away from thin and thick filaments

calcium is released from the SR and causes the actin, myosin, and ATP to interact and slide

calcium is pumped back into the SR, away from the actin, myosin, and ATP; cross-bridges are broken

muscle must be stimulated by a _________ to contract

nerve that supplies skeletal muscle

A motor nerve composed of many cell; emerges from the spinal cord and travels to the skeletal muscle

strength of a muscle contraction depends on the number of __________ that are stimulated

area where motor neurons meet the muscle is called

the stimulated neuron causes release of a chemical substance that diffuses across NMJ and stimulates the

stimulation of the nerve causes an electrical impulse, or nerve impulse, to move along the neuron toward the ending of the neuron

membrane pouches filled with a chemical substance;

neurotransmitter at the NMJ

the nerve impulse causes the vesicles to move toward and fuse with the membrane at the end of the neuron; ACh is released from the vesicle into the space between the neuron and the muscle membrane

ACh diffuses across the space and binds to the receptor sites on the muscle membrane

the ACh stimulates the receptors and causes an electrical signal to develop along the muscle membrane. the ACh then unbinds the receptor site and is immediately destroyed by an enzyme that is found within the NMJ near the muscle membrane

the enzyme that destroys ACh at the NMJ

travels along the muscle membrane and triggers a series of events that result in muscle contraction; stimulates sarcoplasmic reticulum to release calcium

floods the sarcomeres thereby causing the thin and thick filaments to slide past one another producing muscle contraction

disease affects the NMJ; caused by damaged receptor sites on the muscle membrane; muscle contraction is impaired and the person experiences muscle weakness; becomes noticeable as low tolerance to exercise; as it progresses person experiences dysapnea because breathing muscles are skeletal muscles

drug classified as a skeletal muscle blocker; used during surgery to promote muscle relaxation; works by blocking the receptor sites on the muscle on the muscle membrane; because the receptor are occupied with the drug ACh cannot bind with the receptor site muscle contraction is prevented; must be mechanically ventilated until effects disappear otherwise patient stops breathing and dies

chemical substance that in some way disrupt normal function of the nervous system; produced by certain bacteria

clostridium tetani secretes a neurotoxin that causes excessive firing of the motor nerves; causes excessive release of ACH, overstimulating the muscle membrane that causes severe muscle spasm and tetanic contractions; because jaw muscles are often effected also called

clostridium botulinum caused when food has been improperly processed and canned; very serious form of food poisoning

small injection of _________ has been used to treat wryneck and wrinkles

excess of ACh causes a state of continuous muscle contraction

a deficiency of ACh causes a state in which the muscles are limp and unable to contract

a single electrical stimulus is delivered to a muscle fiber, the fiber contracts and then fully relaxes; not useful physiologically

contractile force in the single muscle fiber develops in response to increasing the frequency of electrical stimulation; sustained muscle contraction

allows the whole muscle to vary it's force of contraction

maintains posture

refers to a normal continuous state of partial muscle contraction

one group of muscle fibers contracts first; as these fibers begin to relax, a second group contracts; this pattern of contraction and relaxation continues to maintain

1) metabolism of creatnine phosphate
2) Glycolisis
3) Aerobic metabolism

is a storage form of energy that can be used to replenish ATP quickly during muscle contraction

series of chemical reactions that break down glucose anaerobically, generating small amounts of ATP; obtained from glucose and glycogen that is stored in skeletal muscle; provides enough energy for additional 30 to 40 seconds of intense muscle activity

in presence of O2, pyruvic acid enters the mitocondria and is broken down completely to CO2, H20, and ATP; generates large amounts of ATP compared with glycolysis

receive supply from O2 from the blood and myoglobin

oxygen carrying protein in muscle fibers

occurs when muscle fiber is not allowed to rest; inability of a muscle to contract following prolonged activity

result of decrease in the release of calcium from the SR, a depletion of nutrients, oxygen,glycogen, and energy stores, such as creatnine phosphate, and a build-up of waste such as lactic acid

where muscle attaches to bone

attaches to more movable bone

response to overuse; muscle increases in size

undesirable and usually indicates underlying disease; causes heart to overwork

lack of exercise causes muscles to decrease in size

develop when nerves are severed

when muscle degeneration is part of the aging process; can be delayed when aging person carries out a regular exercise program

muscle is immobilized for a long time; abnormal formation of fiberous tissue within the muscle; generally freezes the muscle in a flexed position and severely restricts joint mobility

vastus (huge), maximus (large), longus (long), minimus (small), and brevis (short)

deltoid (triangular), latissumus (wide), trapezius (trapezoid), rhomboideus (rhomboid), and teres (round)

rectus (straight), oblique (diagonal), transverse (across) and circularis (circular)

pectoralis (chest), gluteus (buttock) branchi (arm), surpa (above), infra (below) sub (underneath), and lateralis ( lateral)

biceps (2), triceps (3) and quadriceps (4)

some muscles are named for sites of attachment EX: sternocloidomastoid

may be included in the muscle name EX: abductor, adductor, flexor, extensor

two catagories of muscles in the head

flat muscle that covers the frontal bone; raise s the eyebrows, wrinkles your forehead and gives you a surprised look

sphincter muscle around the eye; closes the eye and insists in winking and blinking;

ring shaped muscle that controls the size of an opening

muscle has its origin the bony orbit of the eye and inserts in the upper eyelid

spincter muscle that encircles the mouth; closes the mouth,forms word, and purses the lips; sometimes called the kissing muscle

muscle that has its origin on the maxilla and mandible and inserts into the orbicularis oris; used in actions requiring compression of the cheeks, as in sucking, whistling, and playing the trumpet. helps position food for chewing and is important for infant cause its contraction enables baby to suck

smiling muscle; extends from the corner of the  the cheekbone

pouting muscle; originated in the fascia of the shoulder and anterior chest and inserts on the mandible and tissues of the mouth and face; with aging there is muscle tone lose giving the "turkey neck look"

muscles of mastication; all of them are inserted on the mandible and are considered some of the strongest muscles in the body

muscle that has origin in the maxilla zygomatic process of the temporal bone and its insertion on the mandible; contraction closes the jaw

fan shaped muscle that extends from the flat portion of the temporal bone (origin) to the mandible (insertion)

muscle extends from the sternum and clavicle to the mastoid process of the temporal bone in the skull; Contraction of both muscles on either side of the neck causes flexion of the head; prime mover of neck flexion

spasm of the sternocleidomastoid muscle can cause; condition characterized by twisting of the neck and rotating of the head to one side

3; act synergistically to flex the neck; have their origin on the cervical vertebrae (C1-C7) and insert on ribs 1 and 2

has it's origins at the base of the occipital bone of the cranium and on the spines of C7 to T4 of the upper vertebral column; inserts at both the scapula and clavicle; contraction allows the head to tilt back(hyerextension);causes lateral flexion of the head and moves the shoulder; works antagonistically with sternocleidomastoid muscle

located in the ribs; origin and insertion on the ribs and are responsible for raising and lowering the rib cage during breathing

dome shaped muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity;chief muscle of inhalation phase of breathing;

without the contraction and relaxation of the_____________________ breathing cannot occur

run up and down; or longitudeinal; extend from sternum to pelvic bone; contraction bends, and flexes the vertebral column

make up lateral wall of the abdomen; fibers run obliquely (slanted)

part of the lateral wall of the abdomen; add to the strength provided by external obliques; form a crisscross pattern

form innermost layer of the abdominal muscles; run horizontally across abdomen

TIRE

extends from the sternum to the hip bone; the aponeuroses of the abdominal muscles on opposite sides of the midline of the abdomen form a white line

erector spinae. sternocleidomastoid, trapezius, abdominal muscles, and iliopsoas

deep in the trapezius and the latissimus dorsi; extends the length of the vertebral column from sacrum to the cranium; forms 2 columns of muscle; causes extension and lateral flexion of the vertebral column and rotaion of the head; assists in maintenance of erect posture