sociology101af060610ch2.txt

the langualge, beliefs, values, norms, behaviors, and even material objects that are passed from one generation to the next

the material objects that distinguish a group of people, such as thire art, buildings, weapons, utensils, machines, hairstyles, clothing and jewelry

(also called Sybolic Culture) a group's ways of thinking (including it's beliefs, values, and other assumptions about the world) and doing (its common patterns of behavior, including language and other forms of interaction)

the disorientation that people experience when they come in contact with a fundamentally different culture and coan no longer depend on their taken-for-granted assumptions about life

the use of one's own culture as a yardstick for judging the ways of other individuals or societies, generally leading to a negative evalutaion of their values, norms, and behaviors

not judging a culture but trying to understand it on its own terms

another term for nonmaterial culture

something to which people attach meanings and then use to communicate with others

the ways in whick people use their bodies to communicate with one another

a system of symbols that can be combined in an infinite number of ways and can represent not only objects but also abstract thought

Edward Sapir's and Benjamin Whorf's hypothesis that language creates ways of thinking and perceiving

the standards by which people define what is desirable or undesirable, good or bad, beautiful or ugly

expectations, or rules of behavior, that reflect and enforce values

expressions of approval or disapproval given to people for upholding or violating norms

a reward or positive reaction for following norms, ranging from a smile to a prize

an expression of disapproval for breaking a norm, ranging from a mild, informal reaction such as a frown to a formal reaction such as a prison sentence or an execution

norms that are not strictly enforced

norms that are strictly enforced because they are thought essential to core values or the well-being of the group

a norm so strong that it often brings revulsion if violated

the values and related behaviors of a group that distinguish its members from the larger culture; a world within a world

a group whose values, beliefs, and related behaviors place its members in opposition to the broader culture

a society made up of many different groups

values that together form a larger whole

values that contradict one another; to follow the one means to come into conflict with the other

the ideal values and norms of a people; the goals held out for them

the norms and values that people actually follow

a value, norm, or other cultural trait that is found in every group

a framework of thought that views human behavior as the result of natural selection and considers biological factors to be the fundamental cause of human behavior

in its narrow sense, tools; its broader sense includes the skills or procedures necessary to make and use those tools

the emerging technologies of an era that have significant impact on social life

Ogburn's term for human behavior lagging behind technological innovations

the spread of cultural characteristics from one group to another

the process by which cultures become similar to one another; refers especially to the process by wich U.S. culture is being exported and diffused into other nations