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Divided Line
Stages of cognition – Knowledge (intelligence, thinking) vs. opinion (belief, imagination)
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Theoretical Sciences
metaphysics, mathematics, physics
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Sin
Does not exist for Plato, Aristotle, Romans; Is a Christian concept – sins must be avoided/confessed.
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City of Luxury
People want more than the bare minimum. Need luxuries to be satisfied. Luxuries lead to envy and the need to protect our things ***armed camp***
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Monarchy
Rule of one in interest of all
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Cave Allegory
Believe what we see in the cave, prisoners from knowing what is really out there
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City of Pigs
Socrates definition is too basic/for pigs: only includes basic food, shelter, small amusements
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Moral Virtues
can only be achieved through good habits
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Aristocracy
love of wisdom
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Tyranny
love of self, needs to protect what we have (will vote for Hitler)
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Anthropological Principle – x
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Natural Law
Use of reason
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Homonoia
basis of friendship is similar views, not looks/wealth/etc.
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Christianity
following of the teachings of Jesus.
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City of God
only God knows who belongs to the City of God
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Pelagianism
belief that original sin did not taint human nature
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Three Waves
From Plato’s Republic; Socrates saying there are three issues within society: (1) gender, (2) property (how should wealth be distributed, taxes, etc.), and (3) who should rule and why.
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Democracy
love of freedom over aiming for excellence
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Guardians – start out as guards, choose our rulers (to identify friend vs. foe) from guardians to rulers (= Philosopher Rulers); those who remain guardians are auxillaries.
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Philosophy
Study of fundamental problems: reality, existence, knowledge, values, reason
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City of Beauty – Socrates asks who do we trust/choose to guard our luxuries? We want the courageous & brave!
- • Must train who is good vs. bad & how to use the weapons
- o Requires education to determine who are friends and enemies.
- o Sometimes friends become enemies and vice versa. (ex: funding Al Queda to fight Russia in 80s, now our enemy.)
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Cardinal Virtues
(1) Moderation, (2) Courage, (3) Wisdom, (4) Justice; Greek.
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Practical Sciences
Political science
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Eudaimonia – Greek; happiness/welfare
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Timocracy
Property owners may participate in government; love of honor is ruling principle
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Monotheism
Belief in one god
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Stoicism – believe humans are defined by our ability for rationality, are engaged with the universe when using our mind; Zeno, Cicero, Marcus Orealious
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Original Sin – story of Adam and Eve’s bad choices that taint all humans at birth.
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Oligarchy
Love of money over education
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Noble Lie
white lie; lie for the good of another
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Episteme
Greek for knowledge.
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Arianism
Arius; Christ as human
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Auxiliaries
guardians who do not ascend to leadership
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City of Man
Household tribes polis
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Donatism
Donatus, Bishop of Carthage; Betrayal and re-baptism; purity of the church
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Mixed Constitution
Legislative – the many, make law; Executive – the one, enforce law; Judicial – the few, interpret law
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Polity
Rule of the many in interest of all; changed to Republic
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Agathon
Plato; The Good – our escape from the cave
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Intellectual Virtues
Excellences of thought; can be taught.
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Four Causes
Material, formal, efficient, final – require to fully define and understand a thing
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Manicheism
Two gods; challenges Christianity; objective “truth”
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Human Law
statutory law made by Congress.
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Republic
Aristotle’s Politea; mixed constitution, civic virtue, keep small – what our founders aimed for.
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Palagianism
Roman British colony; Palaiguis was a Christian monk; was teaching things that are heretical (like questioning original sin)
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Cicero
stoic Roman philosopher, wrote Republic and Laws.
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