endocrine and special senses

Retina only

• Choroid - Lines the interior
• portion of the sclera.  Contains blood supply. It is inbetween the sclera
• and the retina.
•        
• Ciliary Body – Secretes the aqueous
• humor and smooth muscle that attaches to the lens for focusing of light
•       
• Lens - Focuses light on
• retina.
•        
• Iris - Colored portion of
• the eye forming the pupil.

Pupil - Opening in the iris through which light goes into eye.

• lacrimal gland
• lacrimal ducts
• superor or inferior lacrimal canal
• lacrimal sac
• nasolacrimal duct
• nasal cavity

Sense of taste.

• o   Dissolved chemicals in the saliva stimulate
• the taste buds that in turn send an action potential to the facial and
• glossopharyngeal nerve to the brain

The partial crossover of fiber of the optic nerves

• Cornea -
• Admits and refracts light. It is the clear exterior "window" of the
• eye.
•      
• Sclera -
• Provides shape and protects the eye,  It is the white of the eye.
•      
• Conjunctiva - Epithelial
• protective layer covering the anterior eye ball and eye lids. It can become
• infected...."pink eye".

• Eustachian (Auditory) Tube Equilizes pressure between the inner
• ear and the outside, ie scuba diving and in flying

• Auditory Ossicles
• transmitts and amplifies sound from the tympanic membrane to the cochlea

• Oval
• Window Attachement of the stapes

o   Vestibule Area for static equilibrium

o   Semicircular Canals Area for dynamic equilibrium

o   Cochlea Converting sound to an action potential

• Ampulla This "houses" the cupula in the
• semicircular cannals. The cupula has the nerve endings to generate the action
• potential for dynamic equilibrium

•    Round Window Area that allows for the dissipation of sound
• waves out of the organ of corti, please refer to the presentaiton

•  Organ of Corti Sense organ that generates the action potential
• inside the cochlea

• o   enter the auricle and down the auditory canal
• hitting the tympanic membrane.  The sound wave is then converted to a
• mechanical wave.  This is then transmitted and amplified by the auditory
• ossicles (in order the malleus, incus, and stapes) to the oval window where the
• mechanical wave is then converted to a fluid pressure.

• is a fluid wave that is transmitted into the chochlea where the wave
• stimulates the organ of corti and then converts the fluid wave to an action
• potential, transmitted down the chochlear branch of the vestibulochochlear
• (VIII) to the temporal lobe for interpretation

• Maculae in the saccule
• and utricle (vestibule)

•   Hair and Supporting
• Cells

  Otolithic Membrane

Vestibular Branch

• semicircular cannas
•   Crista - In the hair cells and supporting cells.

  Cupula - Projection of gelatinous material.

Target Cells and Hormone Receptors

the cell that will be effected by a hormone

usually protein on the cell membrane that binds to the hormone

• §  Action of Lipid-Soluble Hormones diffuse
• through the cell membrane and alter the expression of genes of the nucleus

• §  Action of Water-Soluble Hormones binds to the
• target cells receptors, then converts ATP to cAMP, activates enzymes in the
• cell to alter its physiology

• 1 the hormone
• 2 cAMP

Signals from the nervous system

 Chemical changes in the blood

Other hormones

stimulates the thyroid gland to release it hormones (thyroxine)

• FSH - development of
• ovarian follicle, release estrogens

•       
• LH - ovulation, release
• estrogen

  Male

•        
• FSH – sperm production
• andtestosterone production

• LH-
• acts synergistically with FSH and assists in sperm production and testosterone
• production.  In males LH can be known as interstitial cell-stimulating
• hormone (ICSH)

• FSH - development of
• ovarian follicle, release estrogens

•     
• LH - ovulation, release
• estrogen

• FSH – sperm production
• and testosterone production

• LH-
• acts synergistically with FSH and assists in sperm production and testosterone
• production.  In males LH can be known as interstitial cell-stimulating
• hormone (ICSH).

milk production

• release of hormones from the adrenal cortex, causing the release of
• glucocorticoids

unknown function

• Oxytocin
• Antidiuretic Hormone

• contraction of the uterus 
• milk ejection

causes kidneys to retain water

• Thyroxine
• generalized increase in metabolic activity of most cells

• increases the Ca++ in bone by inhibiting the action of Osteoclasts, this
• will decrease the blood levels of Ca++

• Parathyroid Hormone increases the activity of the action of osteoclasts
• to release calcium and phosphates into the blood and allows the kidneys release
• more phosphates  them into the urine

• Glucagon-causes the liver to release glucose (Alpha cells of the islets of
• Langerhans) 

• Insulin-causes muscle and fat cells to absorb blood glucose (Beta cells of the
• islets of langerhans)

• Adrenal Cortex
• Adrenal Medulla

• Mineralocorticoids
• Glucocorticoids
• Androgens

regulation of sodium and potassium by influencing the kidney

• causes the breakdown of proteins and fats as well as the conversion of
• lactic acid to form glucose for energy.  The also tend to inhibit the
• immune system

in both male and females, weak in nature

• Epinephrine
• Norepinephrine

(fight or flight response)

• Estrogen and Progesterone- both are involved in secondary sex
• characteristics and regulation of the menstrual cycle.

• Relaxin - relaxes ligaments for birth, “loosens” the
• pelvis

• Testosterone – secondary sex characteristic, production of
• sperm

• secrete melatonin involved in “sleepiness”.  It helps to set the
• body’s “biological clock”