NUTR 225 Ch. 10

A protein that accelerates the rate of a chemical reaciton

A molecule that combines with an enzyme to activate it

• Important for energy metabolism
• -thiamin
• -riboflavin
• -niacin
• -vitamin B₆
• -folate
• -vitamin B₁₂
• -patothenic acid
• -biotin

• -Required for carbohydrate metabolism
• -Beriberi: deficiency of thiamin resulting in muscle wasting and nerve damage, and heart failure

• -Part of coenzyme involved in oxidation-reduction reactions
• -Ariboflavinosis: riboflavin deficiency that causes sore throat and swollen mucous membranes

• -Coenzyme assist with metabolism of carbohydrates and fatty acids
• -Pellagra: severe niacin deficiency
• -4 Ds: dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia, death

• -Part of a coenzyme for more than 100 enzymes, assists in amino acid metabolism, neurotransmitter, and assists in heme synthesis
• -Deficiency: anemia, elevated levels of homocysteine

• -Involved in DNA synthesis, amino acid, metabolism, red blood cell synthesis
• -Deficiency: macrocytic anemia

Required for cell division and proper formation of the neural tube (develops into the brain and spinal cord)

A woman's need for this dramatically increases during pregnancy

Folate/Vitamin B₁₂ required for breakdown of homocysteine

• -Low levels may cause increased level of homocysteine
• -High homocysteine levels are associated w/greater risk of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease

"Without blood"; any condition of low hemoglobin levels

• Severe folate deficiency
• enlarged red blood cells w/insufficient hemoglobin
• symptoms: weakness, fatigue, difficulty concentrating, irritability, headache, shortness of breath

• -Part of coenzymes for blood formation
• -Required for nerve functioning, homocysteine breakdown
• -Deficiency results in anemia, low energy, fatigue, shortness of breath, can lead to pernicious anemia

• -Vitamin B₁₂ deficiency; due to low acid production in stomach
• -Symptoms include pale skin, reduced energy, fatigue, neurological symptoms

• -Component of coenzyme for fatty acid metabolism
• -Deficiency is very rare

• -Part of coenzymes involved in the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins
• -Deficiency symptoms include hair thinning, loss of hair color, red rash on face
• -Deficiency is rare

• -Vitamin-like substance that assists in homocysteine metabolism
• -Deficiency can lead to fat accumulation in the liver

-Critical for synthesis of thyroid hormones

Too much: Blocks synthesis of thyroid hormone -> results in goiter: enlarged thyroid

Too little: Hypothyroidism and goiter; cretinism: mental retardation from iodine deficiency during embryonic development

• -Assists insulin as it transports glucose from blood into cells
• -Chromium deficiency inhibits glucose absorption by body cells

• -Coenzyme involved in energy metabolism
• -Part of the antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase
• Toxicity impairs the nervous system, causing spams and tremors

• -Component of thiamin and biotin
• -Stabilizes protein structure

only fluid tissue in the body

• -Transport of oxygen and nutrients to cells
• -Removal of waste products from cells

• -Erythrocytes: red blood cells
• -Leukocytes: white blood cells of the immune system
• -Platelets: cell fragments that assist in blood clotting
• -Plasma: the fluid portion of the blood