-
Na = Sodium
- 136-146
- Low: hyponatremia secondary to fluid loss from diarrhea, vomiting, diaphoresis, diuretic use; can cause postural hypotension, cramps, weakness, fatigue
High: hypernatremia: secondary to dehydration, high salt intake, poor renal function
Can cause edema, tachycardia
-
K = Potassium
- 3.5-5
- Low: hypokalemia secondary to vomiting, diarrhea, sweating, use of loop diuretics
- Can cause ventricular arrhythmias
- High: hyperkalemia secondary to oversupplementation, renal or endocrine problems
- Can cause ventricular arrhythmias, asystole
-
Cl=Chloride:
- 98-108
- High: can be seen with diarrhea
Low: vomiting, adrenal disease
-
CO2
- 22-34
- Respiratory exchange of carbon dioxide in lungs. Can indicate acidosis or alkalinity.
-
BUN = Blood Urea, Nitrogen:
- 8-20
- Indicator of renal function
- Low: liver disease, anorexia
- High: kidneysnot functioning causing build up of breakdown products
-
Creat = Creatinine:
0.5-1.0
Indicator of renal function
Low: liver disease, anorexia
High: renal disease, nephropathy, can occur in brittle diabetics
-
Ca = Calcium:
8.6-10.3
Low: hypocalcemia secondary to renal failure, low calcium or vitamin D intake, excessive magnesium intake, laxative abuse
Can cause osteoporosis, muscle spasms, cardiac arrhythmias, asystole
High: hypercalceimia secondary to immobilization, bone cancer, antacid use
Can cause thirst, polyuria, renal stones, decreased muscle tone, tachycardia, arrhythmia, asystole
-
Gluc: Glucose:
73-110
Low: hypoglycemia: rule out addisons disease, liver disease or failure
High: hyperglycemia: rule out cushings disease, thiazides, glucocorticoids, liver disease, pancreatitis
-
Hgb: Hemoglobin:
varies by gender (12-17) normal values lower in females
Amount of oxygen carrying protein in the RBC
Low: anemia
High: lung disease, liver or kidney tumors
-
Hct: Hematocrit:
varies by gender (35-50%) normal values lower in females
Percentage of blood volume occupied by RBC
Low: anemia
High: smoking, chronic lung disease
-
WBC: White Blood Cells:
4-10
Responsible for immune function, destroy foreign diseases/bodies
Can be broken down into different types of cells: lymphocytes, monocytes, neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils
Low: bone marrow disease, enlarged spleen
High: infection, leukemia
-
Plt: Platelets:
150-450
Responsible to prevent bleeding
Low: thrombocytopenia, acute blood loss, acute infection with sepsis
High: infection, inflammation, cancers, spleen removal
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