Pharmacology

• 1. Rectal
• 2. Oral
• 3. Injectable
• 4. Topical
• 5. Inhalant

Tablet-disc of compressed drug.

Enteric coated tablet- special coating that resists disintergrating by gastric juices, dissolve in the intestine.

Capsule- gelatin encapsuled drug.

Time release capsule- contains drug particles that have various coatings. These coatings dissolve at various times thus deliver a dose over an extended amount of time.

Lozenge- tablet with flavoring agent. Local use

Suspension- not evenly dissolved, needs to be shaked well before use.


Emulsion- contrains oil and fat in the water.

Elixer- alcohol based.

Syrup- sweetened flavored liquid.

Solution- evenly dissolved.

Suppository- drug suspended in substances such as cocoa butter that melts at body temp.

Enema solution- drug suspended in solution.

Solution- drug is suspended in the sterile vehicle.

Powder- Dry

IV- IV push, a small amount of drug.

IV- infusion- drip.

IM- Intra muscular

ID- intra dermal. Ex. allergy skin test.

PPD- purified protein derivative. Ex-Mantaux test.

Epidural- above the dura matter.

Intraspinal- subarachnoid space.

Intracapsular- into the joint space.

Dermal and mucosal application. Cream and or ointment applied to wet or dry skin.

Lotion

Liniment- rubbed on skin

Dermal patches- skin patch. Ex- Nitorglycerin patch, nicotin, birth control.

Eye, ear and nasal drops.

Eye ointment.

Vaginal exam

Rectal or vaginal suppositories

Buccal- Between cheeks and gums and sublingual tablet.

A spray or mist that is inhaled through....

• 1. Spray bottle
• 2. Nebulizer
• 3. Metered dose inhaler
• 4. Gas- Nitrous oxide

1. Medication cup- paper cup, plastic cup

2. Metal pill crusher

3. Ampule- small glass container that holds a single doss of sterile solution for injection.

4. Vial- glass container sealed at the top by a rubber stopper to enhance sterility of contents. Ex. Solution or powder, Multi dose.

3/8, 1 1/2 standard injections

5"- intraspinal, intra cardiac

2"- 5" intra articular

Gauge- the width of the needle

Syringes

• Standard hypodermic syringe are 2-3ml, s/c and IM

• Tuberculin- 10 calibrations, ML, one small line = 0.1ml
• Insulin

• ac- before min
• ad lib- as desired
• amp- am poule
• bid- twice a day
• cap- capsule
• ci- chloride
• cm- centimeter
• dc- discontinue
• dw- distilled water
• ec- enteric coated
• elix- elixir
• er- extended release
• gr- grain
• gm- gram
• gtt- drop
• kci- potassium chloride
• kvo- keep vein open
• lb- pound
• meq- milli equivalent
• meg- microorganism
• mg- milligram
• mi- milliliter
• naci- sodium chloride
• ng- nasogastric
• ns- normal saline
• otc- over the counter
• pc- after meal
• pca- patient controlled agent
• qt- quart
• rl- ringers lactant
• tab- tablet
• tid- 3 times a day
• to- telephone order
• sl- sublingual
• sr- sustained release
• stat- immediately
• tsp- teaspoon
• tbsp- tablespoon
• vo- verbal order

Institute for safe medication practice

• 1. Date
• 2. Patients name
• 3. Medication name
• 4. Amount
• 5. Dosage
• 6. Frequency
• 7. Route
• 8. Signature of physician

1. Apothecary- liquid, minimum fluid, ounce fluid, dram, pint, quart, gallon, solid grain, ounce and pound.

2. Metric- liquid, liter, milliliter, solid, gram and milligram.

3. Household- tsp, tbsp, and cup

1gm= 1000mg= 15gr

0.5gm= 500mg= 7.5gr

1lb= 0.453592kg1kg= 2.2lbs

Pediatric dosage- blood brain barrier

Geriatric dosage- dosages are reduced due to...

• 1. lower metabolism
• 2. poor circulation
• 3. impairment of kidney, liver, lung function

1. up to date information about medication

2. Asses the patient

3. Skill in delivery of medication accurately with documentation

4. Patient education

5. Unfamiliar drugs should never be administered

6. PDR- Physician Desk Reference, USP/DI (United States Pharmacopia Drug Index) package inserts.

7. Intervention

8. Documentation

Meticulous care in preparation and administration of drugs reduces chances of error.

1. Report it immediately to the one in charge so that corrective actions can be taken for the patients welfare.

2. Patients record should reflect the corrective actions taken for justification in legal proceedings.

3. An incident report must be completed.

1. Cleanliness- wash hands and clean preparation area.

2. Organization

3. Preparation area should be well lit

• 1. right medication
• 2. right amount
• 3. right time
• 4. right route
• 5. right technique
• 6. right patient
• 7. right documentation

Right medication

1. never give the drug when the name is obscured.

2. never leave medication at bedside

3. expired medication should never be given

4. never open a unit dose until the patient is prepared to take it.

Right amount

1. calculate and have cleared by someone

Right time

1. right timing so that the medication is most effective.

2. makes correct concentration in the blood.

3. empty stomach so that the food does not wrongly interact with the medications.

4. Or take meds with meal

5. Advise at bedtime for drowsiness

Right route

1. effect on degree of absorption, speed of drug action and side effects.

Right technique

1. Materials should be sterile. Gloves should be worn. Cup should be used to hold pills.

• Right patient

• 1. check patient bracelet
• 2. check medical record number
• 3. check patients date of birth

Right documentation

1. every drug order should be recorded in patients medical record. name of drug, time, administered dose, route, location of injection and signature of person administering meds. PRN take as needed.

All preparations of the same drug name must have uniform strength, qualities and purity.