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The lymphatic sys includes a network of ____ vessels called ____ which carry ____.
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Lymph is .....
A fluid similar to plasma but w/ a lower concentration of proteins
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A series of ____ ____ are connected to the lymphatic vessels.
lymphoid organs
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Lymphocytes are . . . .
Cels that attack invading organisms, abnormal cells & foreign proteins
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The lymphatic sys also helps maintain ____ ____& eliminate local variations in the composition of ____ ____.
- blood volume
- interstitial fluid
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Lymph flows through a series of lymphatics that originates in the ____ ____.
lymphatic capillaries
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The lymphatic vessels empty into what 2 ducts?
- Thoracic Duct
- R lymphatic duct
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The 3 classes of lymphocytes are ____, ____ & ____.
- T-Cells (thymus dependent)
- B-Cells (bone marrow derived)
- Natural Killer Cells (NK)
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Cytoxic T-Cells attack . . .
foreign cells or body cells infected by virus
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Regulatory T-Cells include ____ T-Cells & ____ T-Cells & do what?
- Helper
- Suppressor
- Regulate & coordinate immune response
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B-Cells can ____ into Plasma cells which _____ & _____ antibodies that react w/ specific ____.
- differentiate
- produce
- secrete
- antigens
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Antigens are . . . .
Specific chemical target to which antibodies bind
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Antibodies are also known as ____ or ____.
Immunoglobulins or IG
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B-Cells are also responsible for ____ - ____ immunity or ____ immunity.
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NK cells attack ____ ____, normal cells ____ with ____& ____ cells.
- foreign cells
- infected w/ viruses
- cancer
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NK cells perform a function known as ____ ____.
immunological surveillance
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The production & development of lymphocytes is known as ____ & involves ____ ____, ____ & peripheral ____ ____.
- lymphopoiesis
- Bone marrow, thymus, lymphoid tissues
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A lymphoid nodule consists of . . . .
loose connective tissue that contains densely packed lymphocytes
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Tonsils are ____ ____ in the pharynx wall.
Lymphoid Nodules
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Important lymphoid organs include ____ ____, ____ & the ____.
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Lymphoid organs & tissues are distributed in areas that are what?
Especially vulnerable to invasion by pathogens
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Encapsulated masses of lymphoid tissue that contain lymphocytes are called?
Lymph Nodes
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What do lymph nodes do?
- Monitor & filter lymph b/f it drains into venous sys
- Remove antigens & initiate appropriate immune responses
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What is the location of the thymus & what happens there?
- behind the sternum
- T- Cells mature there
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What organ contains the largest mass of lymphoid tissue in the body?
Spleen
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What 3 functions does the spleen perform?
- Removes antigens & damaged blood cells fr circulation
- Initiates responses B & C Cells
- Stores iron fr recycled RBCs
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What are the cellular components of the spleen & what is their composition
- Red Pulp-Contains lg quantities of RBCs
- White Pulp-resemble lymphoid nodules
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What are 2 categories of body defenses within the lymphatic sys?
- Nonspecific Defenses
- Specific Defenses
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What do nonspecific defenses do?
Prevent approach, deny entrance to & limit spread of living & non living hazards
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What do specific defenses do?
- T-Cells - Provide cell mediated immunity
- B-Cells - Provide anitbody mediated immunity
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Physical barriers for nonspecific defenses are provided by?
Skin, epithelia & secretions of the digestive sys
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Phagocytes in nonspecific defense include what 2 things?
- Microphages - Neutruphils & Eosinophils
- Macrophages - cells of the monocyte macrophage sys
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Phagocytes move between cells by ____ & show ____.
- diapedesis
- chemotaxis aka sensitivity & orientation to chemical stimuli
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Immunological Surveillance involves what?
Monitoring of tissues by NK cells that are sensitive to abnormal antigens on surfaces of normal cells
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NK cells kill both ____ ____ that display tumor specific surface antigens & ____ - ____ cells
- cancer cells
- virus infected
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What are interferons?
Sm proteins released by activated lymphocytes, macrophages & tissue cells infected w/ viruses
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What are cytokines?
Chemical messengers that are released by tissue cells & coordinated local activities
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Plasma contains 11 special complement proteins. They are complement because?
The actions of these proteins complement the actions of antibodies
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Inflammation represents . . . .
A coordinated nonspecific response to tissue inj
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A ____ can inhibit pathogens & accelerate metabolic processes.
Fever
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What constitutes a fever?
Body temp > than 32.2 C or 99 F
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Innate Immunity is what?
Specific Immunity that is genetically determined & present @ birth
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What are the two types of specific immunity?
- Innate Immunity
- Acquired Immunity
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What are the 2 types of acquired immunity?
- Active immunity
- Passive Immunity
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When does active immunity appear?
Following exposure to an antigen
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Passive immunity is produced by the . . . .
Transfer of antibodies fr another source
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What are the 4 characteristics of specific immunity?
- Specificity
- Versatility
- Memory Cells
- Tolerance
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What are major histocompatibility complex proteins?
- Antigen binding membrane receptors
- Genetically determined & differ among individuals
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What are 2 types of major histocompatibility proteins & what do they do?
- Class 1 MHCs - Act as a red flag & tell immune sys to "Im abnormal -- Kill em"
- Class 2 MHCs - Tells immune sys "Antigen is dangerous--Get rid of it"
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Activated T-Cells differentiate into what 4 types?
- Cytotoxic T-Cells
- Memory T-Cells
- Suppressor T-Cels
- Helper T-Cells
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What are B-Cells responsible for?
Antibody mediated immunity
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An active B-Cell divides and produces ____ ____ & ____ ____. ____ are produced by plasma cells
- plasma cells
- memory B-Cells
- Antibodies
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An antigen-antibody complex is formed when an ____ ____ & an ____ bind.
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What are the 5 classes of antibodies in body fluids?
- Immunoglobulin G (IgG)
- Immunoglobulin M (IgM)
- Immunoglobulin A (IgA)
- Immunoglobulin E (IgE)
- Immunoglobulin D (IgD)
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Immunoglobulin G is responsible for?
Resistance against many bacteria, viruses & bacterial toxins
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Immunoglobulin M is responsible for?
First antibody secreted in response to an antigen
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Immunoglobulin A is found in ____ ____.
glandular secretions
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Immunoglobulin E stimulates chemicals accelerating _____.
inflammation
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Immunoglobulin D is found on the ____ of ____.
surfaces of B-Cells
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Antibodies can eliminate antigens by ____, ____, ____, ____, ____ & ____.
- neutralization
- precipitation
- agglutination
- activation of compliment
- attraction or enhancement phagocytes
- stimulation of inflammation
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The antibodies produced by plasma cells upon first exposure to an antigen are agents of the ____ ____.
primary response
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Maximum antibody levels appear during the ____ ____ that follows subsequent exposure to same antigen as primary.
secondary response
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What 4 tasks do interleukins accomplish?
- Increase T-Cell sensitivity to antigens
- Stimulate B-Cell activity
- Plasma Cell formation & antibody production
- Enhance nonspecific defenses
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Interferons slow the spread of virus by . . . .
making the synthesizing cells neighbors resistant to viral infections
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____ ____ develop when the immune response mistakenly targets normal body cells & tissues
Autoimmune Disorders
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In an ____ ____, either the immune sys doesnt develop normally or the immune response is somehow blocked
Immunodeficiency Disease
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Lymph collected fr the lower abdomen, pelvis & lower limbs is carried by the _______.
Thoracic duct
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Lymphocytes responsible for providing cell mediated immunity are called _____.
Cytotoxic T Cells
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B cells are responsible for____.
Antibody mediated immunity
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Lymphoid stem cells that can form all types of lymphocytes occur in the _____.
Bone Marrow
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Lymphatic vessels are found in all portions of the body except?
CNS
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The largest collection of lymphoid tissue in the body is contained in the ____.
adult spleen
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RBCs that are damaged of defective are removed fr circulation by the _____.
spleen
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Phagocytes move thru capillary walls by squeezing between adj endothelial cells during a process called _____.
Diapedesis
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Perforins are destructive proteins assoc w/ activity of ____.
T Cells
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Compliment activation stimulates inflammation, attracts phagocytes & enhances phagocytes. T or F
True
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Inflammation aids in temp repair @ an inj site, slows spread of pathogens & facilitates permanent repair. T or F
True
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Memory B cells respond to subsequent infections that involve the same antigen. T or F
True
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Which 2 lg collecting vessels are responsible for returning lymph to the veins of the circulatory sys?
Left and Right thoracic ducts
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The right thoracic duct collects lymph fr?
right side of the body above the diaphram
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The left thoracic duct collects lymph fr?
- the left side of the body above the diaphram
- the whole body below the diaphram
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Compared w/ nonspecific defenses, specific defenses
Provide protection against threats on an individual basis
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T cells and B cells can only be activated by. . .
Exposure to a specific antigen at a specific site on a cell membrane
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