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mynamebecait
on FreezingBlue Flashcards.
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Underweight
having too little body fat to maintain health
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Overweight
having a moderate amount of excess body fat
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Obesity
having an excess of body fat that adversely affects health
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Morbid obesity
body weight exceeding 100% of normal, creating a very high risk for serious health complications
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Body Mass Index (BMI)
- Ratio of person's weight to square of person's height.
- - weight (kg)/height (m)squared
- - between 18.5 and 30
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Body composition
- Measurement of body fat and lean muscle mass
- -underwater weighing, skinfold, bioelectrical impedance analysis, DXA, bod pod
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Fat distribution pattern; two types
- measured by waist-to-hip, waist circumference
- 1) apple-shaped- increased risk for chronic diseases (type 2 diabetes, heart disease, hypertension)
- 2) pear-shaped: no significant increased risk for chronic diseases
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Factors for gaining/losing weight (6)
- 1) Energy intake vs. energy expenditure
- 2) Genetic factors
- 3) Composition of diet
- 4) Childhood weight
- 5) Behavioral factors
- 6) Social factors
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Energy balance
Energy intake = Energy expenditure
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Basal metabolic rate (BMR)
- Energy expended to maintain basal, or resting, functions of the body
- - 60-75% of total energy expenditure
- - decreases with age, 3-5% per decade after age 30
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Factors affecting BMR
- 75% non-genetic factors
- 25% genetic heritage
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Physical activity
- - 15-35% of daily energy expenditure
- - The more muscle groups used, the greater the energy expenditure
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Thermic effect of food (TEF)
- - Energy expended to digest, absorb, transport, metabolize, and store food
- - 5-10% of total expenditure
- - Lowest for fat and highest for protein
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Thrifty gene theory
- - Gene (or genes) causes people to be energetically thrifty
- - People w/ this gene expend less energy than other people, and gain weight
- - Has NOT been identified
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Set-point theory
- - Each person's weight stays within a small range
- - Body compensates for changes in energy balance
- - Can change w/ time, as diet, activity levels vary over long period of time
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Leptin (protein)
- Hormone produced by fat cells that causes reduced food intake, reduce weight, decrease body fat in mice
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Ghrelin (protein)
- - Protein synthesized in the stomach
- - Stimulates appetite by acting on the hypothalamus
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Peptide YY (protein)
- - Produced in the GI tract
- - Decreases appetite
- - Obese people have lower levels when fasting
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Hunger vs. Appetite
Hunger: physiologic drive or need to eat
Appetite: a psychological desire to eat, often in the absence of hunger
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