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Gas exchange takes place in
Cellular level
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In gastrovascular cavities, interior cells are bathed
By fluid from external environment via cavity
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____ is very effective in gastrovascular cavities because of short distances
Diffusion
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3 circulatory system components
Circulatory fluid, connecting tubules, pump (heart)
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Some taxa do not have blood, they have
Hemolymph.
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This acts as interstitial fluid
Hemolymph
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In an open circulatory system, body movements help circulation by
Squeezing sinuses
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Advantages of open system
Less pressure needed , less energy, hydrostatic pressure can help extend legs or other functions
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Advantages of closed system.
Higher bp results in higher metabolism and more efficient delivery of oxygen. Blood flow can be controlled, specific cells and molecules can be kept in vessels
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Arteries carry blood
Away
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Arteries are usually
High in oxygen
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Veins are usually
Low in oxygen
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Capillaries
Pass through every tissue and are site of gas exchange
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Arteries structure
Round at cross section; thick wall, elastic
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Veins structure
- One way valves; thin walled; veins have valves to keep them towards heart.
- All blood vessels have a
- Central cavity: Lumen
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The lumen is lined with _______ cells called _______.
Epithelial; endothelium.
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Endothelium characteristics
Smooth and low friction.
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Capillaries structure
Very thin walls. Excellent for diffusion
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How does plasma help
Buffer against ph change, viscosity, maintain osmotic balance.
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Plasma is composed of
90% water, ions, and proteins
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Platelets
Related to clogging.
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Formation of erythrocytes
Erythropoiesis
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Erythropoiesis controlled by
Erythropoietin
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Erythropoietin released by
Kidney when it feels oxygen deprived.
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erythropoeitin stimulates
Bone marrow to make more rbc
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More blood cells means
It can bond to hemoglobin in blood and rise blood-oxygen levels again.
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Shape of erythrocytes
Biconcave
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Most numerous of blood cells
Rbc
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Life span of rbc
120 days
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Function of rbc
Transport oxygen (250 molecules of hemoglobin)
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Spleens two jobs
Stores erythrocytes and filter old blood
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_____ help break down rbc in spleen
Macrophages
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Sometimes, the heme becomes ____ and is excreted in _____.
Bilirubin ; bile.
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Receiving chamber in heart
Atria
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Structure in heart that pumps blood
Ventricles
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Simplest circulatory pattern
Circulatory
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Circulatory pattern has
One atrium, one ventricle, (sinus vinosis- receiving and conus arteriosus)
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Circulatory pattern cycle
Atrium > ventricle > gills (gas exchange) arteries > capillaries, body tissues (gas exchange) > heart. Depend on movement on muscles to keep blood moving (fish)
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3 species of lungfish
Use lungs almost exclusively
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Circulatory pattern: lungfish.. they have a certain luxury:
They can switch the valve and bypass gills and shift to lung breathing and visa versa
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Circulatory pattern to gills
Branchial circulation
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Circulation to lungs
pulmonary
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In circulatory pattern: lungfish, the anatomy:
- Atrium and ventricle kept separate
- Amphibians
- Double circuit circulation
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In amphibialn circuit
Atrium _ venrical > aorta > body system> back into right atrium> pushed over to lungs to get oxygen (has some kind of chamber.
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Spiral valve
In amphibial circulatory system, separate in the shared mixed chamber
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When an amphibian is underwater, gas exchange takes place through
Skin (pulmo cutaneous artery). Lungs become useless.
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Turtle snakes and lizzards heart how many chambers?
3 chambers
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What happens when a reptile bypasses the pulmonary artery
The blood instead passes through right aorta, back into systematic capillaries (body), up right atrium to the ventricle and again out the right (purple) aorta. The left atrium (oxygenated) is not involved in this mechanism. This is effective because low activity reduces oxygen needs but they are still circulating blood
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Crocodilians do not have a 4 chambered heart BUT they have a special shunt
Foramen of panizza
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Connects base of pulmonary artery to aortic arches when underwater
Foramen of panizza to bypass lungs
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Blood goes back to heart by
Vena cava
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Which is the thicker wall for stronger contraction
Left ventricle
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Why is the left ventrical stronger
It has to pump blood throughout the whole body
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____ cells specialized to generate heartbeat
Vertebrate
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Heart cells originate in the
Myogenic.. made in the heart itself.
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___ node acts as pacemaker
Sinoatrial (SA); sets pace of cells and their conractions.
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2 phases in cardiac cycle(heart beat)
Diastole and systole
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Relaxed heart phase
Diastole
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Heart is contracting phase
Systole
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Depolarization of atial muscle
P
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Depolarization of ventricles
Qrs
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Relaxation and repolarization of ventricles
T
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How much blood gets pumped out of each ventricle per minute
Cardiac output
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Cardiac output determined by
Concentration, stroke volume, peripheral resistance
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Most humans cardiac output
5 L/min
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Frank starling law-
If cardiac muscles are stretched, then they will become more forceful.
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High surface are of blood is
Good, can filter and diffuse
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Blood entering venous sysem
Lower surface area; increased velocity
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Starlings foces has to do with
BP against vessel walls, osmotic pressure. Tug of war
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If there are not enough proteins in blood, then not enough solutes, therefore
Can result in edema (cant get fluids back to capularies)
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Renin-angitiotensin alderstone system
- Monitor bp of arteries by kidney.
- Renin activates
- Angiotensin, constricts vessels, caust thirst, raise bp
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Adh released from
Posteriorpituitary, causes kidney to absorb more water
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