-
What name is given to the cells that make up most living things?
eukaryotes
-
Name the two methods of cell reproduction:
-
What does photosynthesis create? (3)
oxygen, carbohydrates, water
-
What do cells create when they respire/respirate?
energy
-
Where are genes located?
chromosomes
-
What type of life could have developed spontaneously in Earth's early atmosphere?
early life
-
What is the name of the very first cells to develop?
prokaryotes
-
What is the dominant invertebrate animal class?
insects
-
Which animal has the most striking genetic similarity to humans?
African Ape
-
What types of organisms make up the Protistae Kingdom? examples?
- single cell eukaryotes
- ex: algae and protozoa
-
What three main functions do bacteria perform?
- live on dead material
- helpful in human bodies
- function as parasites
-
What plant group includes the most deciduous trees?
angiosperms
-
What are the four stages of complete metamorphosis?
-
What part of the circulatory system carries blood back to the heart?
veins
-
What part of a cell transmits signals?
dendrites
-
What does the endocrine system consist of?
glands that secrete hormones
-
What function do granulocytes perform in the immune system?
they ingest antigens already killed by cells enzymes
-
What do ecologists study?
relationship b/w organisms and their ecosystem
-
What survival options do subdominant individuals have? (4)
- they accept a poorer habitat,
- give up resources,
- immigrate,
- or perish
-
How do plants and animals balance the carbon cycle?
- plants give oxygen and take in carbon dioxide
- animals give carbon dioxide and take in oxygen
-
What do cosmologists study?
the universe
-
About how long does it take for light to travel from the North Star to the Earth?
300 years
-
What causes seasons on the Earth?
tilt of the Earth's axis
-
What percent of the Earth's atmosphere is nitrogen? oxygen?
-
About what percent of the Earth's surface is covered by water?
75%
-
What is the temperature of the Earth's inner core?
10,000 degrees F
-
In which direction does Coriolis force pull air in the Southern Hemisphere?
Southeast (SE)
-
About what percent of sea water is salt?
3.5%
-
How were the Earth's continents arranged during the Permian Period about 280,000,000 years ago?
one continent called Pangaea
-
How are metamorphic rocks formed?
existing rocks are subjected to enormous pressure
-
What subatomic particles do atoms consist of?
-
How can matter be destroyed?
it can't be destroyed
-
When do chemical reactions occur?
when a bond between an atom forms or breaks
-
Does a body's mass vary?
nope
-
What two factors determine a body's velocity?
-
How does Newton's second law describe the relationship b/w mass and acceleration?
the more the mass, the less the acceleration
-
What type of energy does fuel in a car's gas tank represent?
potential energy
-
What must happen for work to occur?
movement
-
What method of transfer moves heat from a heating pad to a person's back?
conduction
-
What determines a wave's frequency?
vibrations per second
-
What 3 things may happen when light strikes a surface?
- reflected
- absorbed
- scattered
-
Through which medium does sound travel most quickly?
solid
-
What charges may an object possess?
-
What does an ampere measure?
rate of current flow
-
Where is the magnetic North Pole?
Northeastern canada
-
Name the three types of energy radioactive material can release:
-
What is the advantage of nuclear fusion over fission?
- FUSION
- b/c its much safer b/c it releases less radioactivity
-
What type of bacteria was previously called blue-green algae?
cyanobacteria
-
What are prokaryotes?
bacteria
-
Plant cells and animal cells are ....
eukaryotes
-
What parts do plant and animal cells have in common? (6)
- cytoplasm
- cell membrane
- organelles
- nucleus
- nuclear membrane
- golgi apparatus
-
What two things make plant cells differ from animal cells?
- plants have a cell wall outside the membrane
- plants have plastids (where photosynthesis takes place)
-
List the six stages of cell reproduction in order:
- interphase
- prophase
- metaphase
- anaphase
- telophase
- cytokinesis
-
What are the first four stages of cell reproduction called?
mitosis
-
What is mitosis?
the cell duplicates its own chomosomes
-
Interphase:
cell prepares for mitosis
-
prophase:
- mitosis begins
- cell begins to divide
-
metaphase:
chromosomes align at the equator of the cell
-
anaphase:
- sister chromosomes are formed
- they move toward opposite ends of the cell
-
telophase:
- mitosis ends
- two new nuclei are formed
-
cytokinesis:
- the cell splits into two daughter cells
- reproduction complete
-
What does meiosis create? (3) what do they have?
- gametes
- sperm cells
- egg cells
- they each have half of chromosomes (haploid) found in human cell
-
What is it called when a sperm and egg cell combine into a single cell? what does this turn into?
- zygote
- human with complete set of chromosomes (diploid)
-
Photosynthesis process:
- CO2 and water are broken down
- Sunlight is absorbed by chlorophyll
- Carbs are formed
- Plant releases oxygen into air
-
How do cells create energy?
respiration
-
Where does respiration occur? 2 types?
- mitochondria
- aerobic or anaerobic
-
aerobic respiration:
the oxidation of food in the presence of oxygen
-
anaerobic respiration:
- fermentation
- takes place WITHOUT oxygen
-
homeostasis:
maintains the cell's equilibrium
-
what is a rodlike structure located in the cell nucleus?
chromosome
-
DNA creates _ _ _ which serves as the __________ that carries the _____ ___ throughout the cell
-
which type of cells convert energy without oxygen (anaerobic)? *hint* they were the first cells
prokaryotes
-
Second cells to develop were ______ which were _____ (created energy w/oxygen) and used the process of _________
- cyanobacterium
- aerobic
- photosynthesis
-
How long did it take for algae to develop? what did it contain a HUGE amount of?
-
What developed from freshwater algae?
plants
-
Algae reproduce by?
cell division
-
Mosses and ferns use _____ to reproduce.
spores
-
natural selection
adapt to environment and the "best" survive
-
How long ago did dinosaurs become extinct?
65 million years ago
-
The earliest fossil evidence for humans dates back how many years?
136,000
-
What era had humans, grazing and meat-eating mammals?
cenozoic
-
What era had primates, flowering plants, birds, dinosaurs, and mammals?
mesozoic
-
What era had reptiles, ferns, insects, vascular land plants, fish-chordates, and shellfish?
paleozoic
-
What era had algae, eukaryotic, and prokaryotic cells?
precambrian
-
Living things are classified into __ kingdoms
six
-
What two kingdoms include prokaryotes?
-
What kingdom includes all single-celled eukaryotes?
Protista
-
The Fungi kingdom includes _____ ______ who gain their nutrition through ____. example?
- multicelled eukaryotes
- absorption
- mushrooms
-
The Plantae kingdom includes _____ ______ who gain their nutrition through ____.
- multicelled eukaryotes
- photosynthesis
-
The Annimalae kingdom includes _____ ______ who gain their nutrition through ____.
- multicelled eukaryotes
- ingestion
-
What are the three classifications of bacteria?
- bacilli (rod)
- cocci (spherical)
- spirilla (coiled)
-
What is a bit of genetic material surrounded by a protective coat of protein?
virus
-
What is lifeless, lacks the ability to reproduce by itself, parasitic, and isnt classified in one of the six kingdoms?
virus
-
Why dont plants move?
they dont have a nervous system
-
what is the largest group of plants?
angiosperms
-
what group of plants includes plants with no flowers and have needles for leaves? such as a pine tree.
gymnosperms
-
seeds that grow underground are called...(2)
tubers (potato) and bulbs (onion)
-
What part of a plant brings food produced in the leaves to the rest of the plant?
phloem tissue
-
What part of a plant brings water and nutrients from the roots?
xylem tissue
-
What part of a plant is the reproductive unit?
flower
-
female flower that contains reproductive parts is called?
pistil
-
male flower that includes the anther, which produces the pollen, is called?
stamen
-
what part of the flower receives pollen?
stigma
-
Insects, arachnids, and crustaceans fall under what class?
anthropods
-
______ are cold blooded animals that compromise about 25% of all the animals on earth.
insects
-
A mature insect must have the following parts: (6)
- head
- thorax
- abdomen
- 6-jointed legs
- 2 antennae
- exoskeleton
-
Explain simple metamorphosis:
nymph (looks like small adult, emerges from egg)--->adult
-
-
-
Nutrients are absorbed through the ___ ____ into the _______
- small intestine
- bloodstream
-
What two things move into the large intestine? where does it go from there?
- waste
- undigested food
- rectum-->anus
-
cells-->?-->?-->organ system-->?
-
What do bones consist of?
- living marrow
- blood vessels
- nerves
- surrounded by hard calcium exterior
-
List the 5 parts of the spinal column from top to bottom:
- cervical
- thoracic
- lumbar
- fused sacrum
- fused coccyx
-
What does the central nervous system consist of?
-
What does the peripheral nervous system consist of?
nerve cells that exit the spinal cord and extend to all parts of the body
-
What are the two parts of the heart? location?
- atrium (upper)
- ventricle (lower)
-
What are the three types of muscle?
-
Smooth muscles control...
involuntary acts
-
Which gland is located near the brain and is the primary gland in the body?
pituitary gland
-
Which glands are found near the kidney?
adrenal
-
Which is found in the neck and regulates mental and physical alertness?
thyroid
-
What control the immune system and kill antigens directly?
lymphocytes
-
List the steps in the water cycle in order:
- evaporation
- condensation
- precipitation
- collection
-
List the planets in order:
- Mercury
- Venus
- Earth
- Mars
- Jupiter
- Saturn
- Uranus
- Neptune
-
How long does it take light to travel from the sun to the earth?
8 minutes
-
The earths revolution is the cause of Earth's...
seasons
-
The earth's rotation is the cause of Earth's...
day and night
-
Low tides occur halfway between...
two high tides
-
Tides move around the Earth as the _____ revolves around the Earth creating ___ high and ___ low tides every day
-
When do the highest tides occur?
when the sun and moon are in a straight line (spring tides)
-
The word planet comes from a Greek word meaning what?
traveler
-
light travels about how many miles in ONE year?
6 trillion miles
-
What two things combined to create "The Big Bang?"
-
the study of earth's atmosphere is called...
meteorology
-
What creates our weather?
complex movement of air masses
-
Weather fronts move from ___ to ___ in the US.
west to east
-
high pressure system..good or bad weather? which way does the wind circulate?
-
low pressure system..good or bad weather? which way does the wind circulate?
-
low-hanging clouds are classified as...
stratus
-
puffy cotton-like clouds that appear in the afternoon are classified as...
cumulus
-
high wispy clouds that are made up of ice crystals are classified as ...
cirrus
-
cumulus clouds that are huge, dark, and produce thunderstorms are classified as...
cumulonimbus
-
When does lightning occur?
when positive and negative charges are separated in the atmosphere
-
The ocean floor is covered by?
sediment
-
what are the source of volcanic eruptions?
midocean ridges
-
The earth's atmosphere extends out...
650 miles
-
how much of the Earth's atmosphere is habitable?
first 3.5 miles or so
-
how far about the earth is the ozone layer?
20 miles
-
Four parts of the Earth's geologic structure?
- crust
- mantle
- outer core
- inner core
-
How many miles is it from the surface to the center of the Earth?
4,000
-
The lithosphere includes...(2)
-
The ____ in the inner core keeps the core ___
-
How are rocks/fossils dated?
radioactive isotope dating
-
What type of chemistry is about living things?
organic
-
What does the atomic number tell?
number of protons in the nucleus (typically same number of electrons too)
-
Round atomic weight to nearest whole number to determine: (2)
- atomic mass
- which determines #of protons&neutrons
-
define isotope:
atoms of the same element but with varying numbers of neutrons
-
carbon 6 with an isotope of 14 has how many neutrons?
8
-
atoms of the same element, with diff number of protons and electrons, are called?
ions
-
a _____ is the smallest part of a compound (2 or more elements united chemically) with the properties of that compound
molecule
-
acids dissolved in water produce what?
hydrogen
-
bases dissolved in water produce what?
hydroxide
-
-
define solution:
when an element(s) or compound(s) is dissolved in another substance
-
the rearrangement of electrons creates a...
chemical reaction
-
the amount of matter in a body & it's inertia is called...
mass
-
Archimedes discovered what? What did he shout in the process?
-
_____ is concerned w/an object's response to force and the resulting movement
physics
-
____ is an energy that causes a change in an object's motion or shape
force
-
d (distance traveled)= ??
-
newton's 1st law:
- inertia
- body maintains its state of rest unless acted upon by an outside source
-
newton's 2nd law:
- constant acceleration
- force = mass x acceleration
- or
- acceleration = force/mass
-
newton's 3rd law:
- conservation of momentum
- every action has an equal and opposite reaction
-
activation energy does what?
converts Potential energy into Kinetic energy
-
the rate of work is __?
power
-
power is measured in ______. the amount it takes to raise one ____, by one ___ at sea level
-
____ is energy in motion
heat
-
how is heat measured?
calories
-
conduction
physical contact
-
convection
from moving liquid or gas
-
radiation
no physical contact
-
Most ___ is produced by heated _____ vibrating at high frequencies.
-
___ surfaces absorb all light.
___ surface scatter all light.
-
a volt measures...
force of a current
-
the ohm measures the...
resistance in the wire to the flow of electricity
-
When are materials radioactive?
when they have unstable nuclei
-
In a solar eclipse, the ___ blocks the ____ ____ from reaching earth
|
|