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Cytosol
Consists of a fluid portion, a cytoskeleton, and cytoplasmic inclusions
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Flagella
- Similar to cilia but longer.
- Only sperm cells have one.
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Microvilli
Increase cell surface
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Structural genes
DNA sequences that determine specific amino acid sequences in proteins, such as enzymes, hormones, or structural proteins
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Regulatory Genes
Segments of DNA involved in controlling which structural genes are expressed in a given tissue
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Gene expression
The production of proteins from the information stored in DNA
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Transcription
Copying DNA
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Translation
Creating new DNA
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tRNA
- Transfer RNA
- Carries the amino acids to the ribosomes
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RNA Polymerase
An enzyme that synthesizes the complementary RNA molecule from DNA
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Promoter
A DNA nucleotide sequence
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Terminator
Causes RNA polymerase to detach from the DNA and release the newly formed mRNA
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Exons
Sections of the protein-coding region of RNA that code for parts of a protein
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Introns
Sections of the protein-coding region of RNA that do not code for parts of a protein
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Codons
Three nucleotide units that carry the genetic code
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Start codon
Signals the beginning of translation
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Stop codonsignal the end of translation
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Anticodon
Consists of three nucleotides and is complementary to a particular codon of mRNA
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Proproteins
Proteins that are longer when first made than they in their final functional state
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Proenzyme
The proproteins of proteins that are enzymes
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Posttranslational processing
Various modifications to proteins
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Cell life cycle
The changes a cell undergoes from the time it is formed until it divides to produce two new cells.
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Mitosis
The division of the nucleus into two nuclei
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What are the 4 stages of mitosis
Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase
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Cytokinesis
The division of the cytoplasm of the cell to produce two new cells
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