written packet.txt

Scientists believe ____ ___- were the first to have evolved becuse they store genetic information.

First cells were enclosed in ___________.

Before photosynthesis, cells were engaged in ________ metabolism. These increased O2 in the atmosphrere.

Eukaryotes developed ______ which were thought to have arisen through _________.

________ reasoning make conclusions from a ltd set of observations which leads to a hypothesis.

A hypothetical explanation gives way to _________ reasoning

Science limitations

Capacity to cause change

Energy due to location/structure

_______ bonding is important for carbon

Hydrogen Bonding is important because of

the 4 macromolecules are

overview of carbs

Overview of lipids

Overview on proteins

Overview of Nucleic acids

All of thhe macromolecules are polymers except for

polymers are created through a

____ are the body's major source of energy

Different kinds of monosaccharides (3 kinds)

Disaccharides are joined by ______ linkages

_________ are composed of many monosaccharides and are bound to lipids and proteins

_________ are used for immediate energy needs but are not involved in storage

this is a polymer of glucose that is found in plants. it can be branced (amylopectin) or unbranched (amylose). It is stored in plastids (chloroplast) and is an alpha-monomer

alpha monomers

this is a HIGHLY BRANCHED polymer of glucose. it is a compound found in animals and stored in liver and muscles in human. it is more branched than starch

This is a structural component in wood. and the most abundant organic compound on earth. it is also a polymer of glucose

B-monomer

A glycerol and 3 fatty acids

these are insoluble, hydrophobic, and placed together by van der waals

this is composed of an alcohol with hydroxyl groups attatched to 3 Carbons.

this is a long carbon skeleton with a carboxyl group at the end

they are al hydrophobic and they separate in water

this kinds of cells store fat, insulate the body and cushion around vital organs

The summation of all chemical reactions that occur in a biological system at a given time

Step by step enzime driven pathway: a precursor molecule converted to a final product

Construction of complex molecules from simple ones. aka biosynthetic

breakdown of complex molecules from simpler subunits

____ reactions take advantage of _____ reactions' energy released

Energy can be transfered or transformed, not created nor destroyed.

Entropy (disorder) is always increasing as energy is converted. some is lost and becomes unavailable to do work

these are polymers of nucleotide monomers. their main function is to store, transmit, and use hereditary information... genes.

2 major types of nucleic acids

nucleotides are bound together by

These are nucleotides with one ring structure

These are nucleotides with 2 ring structures

purines (pure as gold)

Pyrimidines

this consists of 1 strand of polynucleotides but can hydrogen bond to form 3d structuers

this consists of 2 strands, and forms a double helix pattern

Uracil, adenine, and thymine have ____h bonds

Guanine and cytosine have ____ h bonds

The central dogma of genetics

polymer of amino acids

amino acids are composed of 3 parts.

this is the backbone structure of a protein

this is the kind of protein structure that has H bonding between repeating parts, A helix and B pleated

This protein structure involves bond between variable R groups, it is much less predictable

This protein structure involves multiple polypeptides

a type of catalytic RNA

some enzymes only function in the presense of

the body controls enzyme activity in two ways

name the types of enzyme inhibitos

two categories of inhibitors

reversible inhibitors can be

this adds phosphae groups

the primary mechanism cells use to interact with the environment

this dictates the ability to exchange substances with the environment

as the cell gets bigger, volume _____ faster than _____ so its surface-to-area ratio falls

Have chromosomes and genetic material

Have cytosol and semifluid substance

have an outer plasma membrane

no membrane bount organelles

genetic material is not in the nuc

have a rigid cell wall

have highly permeable cell wall

have flagella

everything within cell membrane except for the nuc or nucleoid region, includes cytosol

combination of water and dissolved material surronding organelle

membrane bound organelles

have double nuclear membrane and nuclear envelope