bio exam 1

father of modern taxonomy

identifying each organism by their genus and species. Homo sapiens (scientific name) homo is genus and sapiens is species

• kingdom
• phylum
• class
• order
• family
• genus
•     species

• prokaryotic
• eukaryotic

primitive, lack membrane-bound internal organelles

true nucleus, membrane-bound organelles

• unicellular
• colonial
• multicellular

• autotrophic: source of carbon is simple such as carbon dioxide (plants)
• heterotrophic: source of carbon is complex such as carbohydrates, proteins, lipids or nucleic acids

• archaea
• bacteria
• eukarya

adapted to harsh environments; prokaryotic; unicellular or colonial, heterotrophic

ubiquitous- prokaryotic; they are everywhere. can be unicellular or multi cellular and heterotrophic or autotrophic

• everyone else; eukaryotic, divided into 4 kingdoms
• 1. protists: algae, seaweeds, protozoa
• 2. fungi: mushrooms, mildews, yeasts
• 3. Plants: liverworts, ferns, gymnosperms (conifers), angiosperms (flowering plants)
• 4. Animals: sponges, worms, jellyfish, echinoderms

theory proposed by Darwin to explain how evolution occurred.  variation between species, competition for limited resources, different rates of survival and reproduction

• 1. observation
• 2. statement of the problem and hypothesis formation
• 3. experiment
• 3a.   control and experimental group
• 4. collection of data
• 5. analysis of results
• 6. conclusion; reject or accept hypothesis
• 7. communication of findings

special features or properties that result from a systems' particular organization, do not exist without the organization

• 1. organisms are highly structured
• 2. organisms can take in, transform, and use energy
• 3. organisms respond to stimuli
• 4. organisms maintain homeostasis
• 5. organisms reproduce and develop
• 6. organisms evolve; have adaptations

water, minerals, salt

carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids

• all living things are composed of cells
• they may be unicellular, colonial, or multicellular
• they may be prokaryotic or eukaryotic

form (anatomy) and function (physiology)

• ecology: the branch of biology dealing with the relationships between organisms and their environments.
• *energy flows through ecosystems while nutrients cycle

a substance that cannot be broken down to other substances by ordinary chemical means

has mass and takes up space

mass: measure of resistance to change in velocity

• Carbon
• Hydrogen
• Oxygen
• Nitrogen
• Phosphorous
• Sulfur

found in all organic molecules

• neutron: neutral in the Nucleus 1 amu
• proton: positive in the nucleus 1 amu
• Electron: negative orbitals or shells, 1/1836 amu

number of protons

number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus

same number of protons and electrons, different number of neutrons

2 or more elements chemically combined and held together by bonds

made of molecules with 2 or more elements

atoms transfer and gain or lose electrons to form ions (have a charge)

2 or more atoms share electrons

atoms share electrons unequally

outer shell holds 8 electrons to be stable

• 1. is K holds max of 2 electrons
• 2. L max 8
• 3. M max 8

weak force of attraction between the slightly positive charge of the hydrogen of one molecule and the slightly negatively charged region of another molecule occurs between adjacent water molecules

• 1. cohesive: attracted to other water molecules. contributes to its high surface tension
• 2. adhesive: attracted to other charged substances
• 3. high specific heat: takes a lot of energy to heat or cool water
• 4. high heat of vaporization: amount of energy to turn water to gas
• 5. more dense as a liquid then a solid: (ice is less dense as water)
• 6. excellent solvent: good at dissolving stuff

substance that donates hydrogen ions in a chemical reaction

substance that donates hydroxide ions in a chemical reaction

have the same concentration of hydrogen and hydroxide ions; neither acids nor bases (buffers)

• below 7 acidic
• 7 neutral
• above 7 basic

• lemon juice 2
• tomato juice 4
• distilled water 7
• sea water 8.2
• milk of magnesia 10
• bleach 12

process leading to changes in matter