SUR 120 - Test 1

thickening around edge of the nucleus, which regulates movement of materials in and out of the nucleus

strands of DNA bearing genes that carry hereditary characteristics

area in nucleus concerned with protein synthesis

outer wall of cell that allows molecules to pass through

protoplasm making up cell's nucleus

protoplasm within cell membrane but not contained in nucleus

serve as cell's own circulatory system

synthesizes carbohydrates, combines them with protein, and packages and transports the product

produce energy for the cell through cellular respiration and are known as power plants for the cell

digest and disintegrate contents of vacuoles

contain RNA and protein - synthesize protein and are called protein factories

form spindle that appears during mitosis

fingerlike structures that project from cell surface and increase surface area

where are microvilli present?

tiny, hairlike projections that move a cell through its environment

where are cilia present?

single, hairlike projections on surface of a cell to provide locomotion

4 stages of mitosis

gives rise to 2 daughter cells that are identical to the parent cell

where does mitosis occur?

gives rise to 4 daughter cells that contain only half number of chromosomes found in parent cell

where does meiosis occur?

most abundant substance in protoplasm that serves as solvent in all cell chemistry

second most abundant substance in animal protoplasm that forms structural framework of protoplasm

energy sources

control growth and reproduction of cell

act as buffers in acid-base balance and maintain fluid and electrolyte balance

transport that requires energy from the cell

moves molecules or ions through cell membrane in an uphill direction, from lower to higher concentration gradients, against natural tendency

process of engulfing solid particle

process of engulfing liquid particle

transport that does not require energy from the cell

process in which particles move to equalize concentration throughout a cell

process in which solvent molecules pass through semipermeable membrane to equalize concentration on each side of cell membrane

process in which particles move through filter or membrane that prevents passage of certain molecules

tissue that protects, supports, transports, and binds body together

tissue that moves the body by contraction and relaxation of muscle pairs

tissue that conducts impulses throughout the body

membranes that line cavities and passageways of the body that open to exterior environment

membranes that line closed cavities and organs within the body

2 layers of serous membrane

membranes that line joints, tendons, and bursae, and secrete synovial fluid that prevents friction on smooth, moist surfaces

membranes that cover body and are continuous with mucous membranes

2 layers of cutaneous membranes

major classes of microorganisms

two different kinds of organisms living independently without affecting each other

each organism derives some benefit from the other

one organism receives benefit from another but causes it no harm

the living together of 2 different kinds of organisms

one organism derives benefit from another at the other's expense

spherical, round-shaped bacteria

rod-shaped bacteria that may have a short or long curved end

spiral bacteria that is rigid and wavy-shaped

spiral bacteria that is corkscrew-shaped

produces toxins that causes many diseases

round, inactive, nonreproductive structures capable of developing into new vegetative organisms under right conditions

what destroys endospores?

protective layers that surround many bacterial cells, increase the strength of bacteria, and aid in identification

hairlike appendages that provide a means of locomotion

microorganisms much smaller than bacteria but larger than viruses

multicellular animal parasites (worms)

microorganisms so small they can only be seen with electron microscope - no metabolic function

nonliving objects that can transmit an infectious agent

when body's own immune system produces antibodies against infectious agent

immunity produced when a person is exposed to or contracts disease and subsequently produces their own antibodies

immunity produced when vaccine administered that causes body to produce antibodies

when antibodies from outside source are introduced into the body so that it does not have to produce its own

immunity produced when mother's antibodies are passed through placenta or breast milk to the fetus

immunity produced when immune serums are injected into the body