-
What are the experimental approaches to improve incubation
- -Pre-incubation methods
- -Photo-acceleration
- -Electromagnetic Radiation
- -Chemicals
- -Auditory Stimulation
- -Biology
- -Incubation temperature
- -Personal Imagination
-
What did Kosin do?
Heated eggs to 100F for 5 hours, then stored for 1-20+ days
-
What did Becker do?
Stored for 5 hours at 100F, then stored for 16-22 days, his hatch of fertile= 89%
-
What did Coleman and McDaniel do?
Incubated eggs under florescent light at 7 doi
-
Green light=
Reduced hatch, ectopic viscera
-
Blue light=
Improved hatch 6%
-
Yellow/Red light=
decreased development by 16 hours
-
What did Dimbrov find?
A 5-8% increase in hatchability using electromagnetism
-
What did Wentworth find?
Spraying eggs with Corticosterone on day 19 shortened development 12 hours
-
What does Dipping eggs in testosterone do?
on Day 13= chemically bursectomized chicks (chicks without humoral immune systems)
-
Embryo Vocalizations
- -Common in precocial birds
- -Are different from clicking sounds
- -Begin 1-3 days before hatching
- -Have 3 distinct types
-
3 Types of embryo vocalization
- -Distress
- -Contentment
- -Brooding-like calls
-
Clicking sounds
- -Sharp metallic sound
- -Not produced by bill tapping
- -Produced by respiratory air passage over syrinx
- -Syncronizes hatching process, but eggs must be in contact with each other
-
What did "White" do and find?
- -Subjected eggs to metronome clicks as a maternal broody call
- -Eggs responded to internal clicks, not maternal broody call
-
Nitric-Oxide
May function in communications between parent and offspring
-
Megapodes (Sex manipulation via incubation)
Incubation at LOW/HIGH temps result in sex-biased embryo mortality
-
How many chicks can you sell from how many eggs you have?
- Factors to consider:
- -Hatchability
- -2%+ Culls
-
How many chicks can you afford after selling your first hatch?
- Factors to consider:
- -Every 100 chicks sold= 102-104 chicks bought
- -Divide your total of chick sold by 102-104%
-
Every breeder strain has a managment guid that provides hatchability under ideal conditions
True
-
Define Growing Livability
Number of chicks alive at a given age
-
Define Production Length
Number of weeks the hen has maintained in production
-
Define Production livability
Number of hens alive at the end of their production cycle
-
Define Total Number of eggs per Hens Housed (HH)
Number of eggs produced per hen when housed at a specific age
-
What is the formula for Total Hatching Eggs/HH ?
% of the total eggs per hen that are settable
-
What are the different units for HE/HH (Hatching eggs/Hen Housed)
- 12=Dozen of eggs
- 288= 24 Dozen cases
- 360= 30 Dozen cases (1 box)
- -Expressed Weekly
-
What factors should be considered in the Cost of a Hatching Chick?
- -Labor efficiency, automation
- -Wage rate for employees
- -Managerial efficiency
- -Utilization of incubator company
- -Hatchability of eggs
- -Size of Operation in chicks/week
- -Age and condition of hatchery
- -Depreciation costs
- -Discounts on supplies
- -Utility rates
-
What is the average gallons/day used in a 12 machine factory?
8,200 Gallons/day
-
What are the services done to newly hatched chicks?
- -Grading
- -Sexing
- -Pharmaceuticals
- -Beak trimming
- -Dubbing (de-combing)
- -Desooting
- -Toe clipping
- -Transportation
-
What factors are there when designing a hatchery?
- -Size/Location
- -Type
- -Personnel traffic flow
- -Egg and chick traffic
- -Egg recieving area
- -Room sizes
-
How many feet away should a hatchery be from a poultry building?
at least >1,000 feet
-
What are the main 2 principal building types?
-
What type of hatchery design is most seen today?
T-Shape
-
What other types of hatchery building are there?
- -Small hatchery (non-automated)
- -Multi-stage hatchery
-
What are the rule of thumb for the egg holding room?
- -Store 1wk eggs
- -Have 1.2sq.ft. per 1,000 eggs
- -Have 15sq.ft. per buggy
- -65F
- -75% RH
-
Setter Room rules of thumb:
- -Easy access to incubators
- -Minimum of 30'' passage ways
- -Room temp= 70-75F
- -50% RH
-
Hatcher Room rules of thumb:
- -More than 1 room
- -Minimum 10'' passage ways
- -12ft ceilings for cleaning
- -75F
- -50% RH
-
Chick Room rules of thumb:
- -Minimum 12-25sq.ft./1,000 chicks
- -12ft ceilings for cleaning
- -75F
- -50-65%RH
-
Loading/Platform truck rules of thumb:
- -Necessary in hot/cold environments
- -75F
- -50-65%RH
-
What are the AVMA sanctioned methods for dispatching?
- -Grinding
- -CO2 inhalation
- -Hypothermic exposure
- -Cervical dislocation
-
What are the incubation designs of the 1900s?
- -Sectional (Still-air),Coal, Gas, Electric
- -Cabinet (Forced-air drafts)
- -Combinations (Setter/Hatcher units)
-
What are the features of modern incubators?
- -Small amounts of floor space
- -Improved cabinet materials
- -Redwood, stainless steel, fiberglass
- -Forced draft air circulation
- -Automatic controls
- -CO2 detection
- -Elimination of repeat egg traying
- -Mechanical egg turning
- -Separate hatcher units
- -Enhanced cooling
- -Flooress machines
- -Shortened egg transfer
- -Down collector
- -Monitoring alarms
- -More efficient cleaning
- -Infrared monitoring
- -Computer regulated
- -Egg candlers
-
Equipment in the Hatchery
- -Service tables
- -Sexing cubicles
- -Vacuums vs. brooms
- -Pressure washers
- -Tray and buggy washers
- -Controlled atmospheres by room
- -Vaccination
- -Beak trimming
-
Define cleaning
Removing adhering material from surfaces
-
Define Sanitizer
Reduces to "safe levels"
-
Define Disinfectant
Kills 100% bacteria
-
Define Sterilant
Kills bacteria, endospores, fungi, and viruses
-
How to avoid contamination in breeders
- -Bio-security
- -Feed quality
- -Hygiene of birds and equipment
- -Rodent control
-
What is an example of proper clean-->dirty flow?
- 1. Egg storage and setting
- 2. Setting
- 3. Setters
- 4. Transfer area
- 5. Hatcher
- 6. Chick processing
- 7. Waste removal/Tray washing
-
What are pathogens of concern to the hatchery?
- -Bacteria
- -Virus
- -Fungi
- -Protozoan
- -Mycoplasma
-
Considerations for choosing disinfectant properties:
- -Non-toxic to chicks, embryos, and humans when used properly
- -Harmless to the surfaces which the disinfectant/sanitizer is applied to.
- -How application is made (foam, soak, spray, aerosol)
-
The disinfecant selected should:
- -Be fast acting, even in the presence of organic matter
- -Be effective against all types of infectious agents ("broad spectrum")
- -Easily penetrate the material to be disinfected without damaging or discoloring the material
- -Be easy to prepare and be stable when exposed to environmental factors
- -Be inexpensive
- -Not have an unpleasant odor
-
The effectiveness of the disinfectant/sanitizer is dependent upon a number of factors:
- -Absence of organic material
- -The type of surface
- -The diluent properties (hard water)
- -The length of time it is in contact with the surface
- -The temp of the surface
- -Effective concentration
- -pH can increase/decrease potency
- -Compatibility between the disinfectant and the cleaner
-
What are Hatchery Disinfections used for?
- -Water
- -Air
- -Premise
- -Equipment
- -Foot bath
-
To kill microorganisms disinfectants/sanitizers require:
- -Concentration
- -Time
- -Temp (generally higher)
- -pH (ionization)
- -Diluent properties
- -Compatibility of cleaner properties
- -Humidity
- -Compatiblity with surface
-
What are the two types of detergents?
- -Cationic (+ charge)
- -Anionic (- charge)
-
Different classes of disinfectant typically found in a hatchery
- -Halogens
- -Quaternary Ammonium
- -Phenols
- -Alkylating Agents
- -Oxidizing Agents
-
Classes of disinfectants NOT typically used in a hatchery:
- -Creosols
- -Dyes
- -Heavy Metals
- -Alcohol
- -Radiation
-
It is difficult to differentiate a source of infection via observations in dead/newly hatched chicks
TRUE
-
Features of Poultry Diseases that are of concern to the hatchery person:
- -Names of the disease
- -Organism
- -Signs/Symptoms
- -Methods of transmission
- -Diagnosis
- -Prevention
- -Treatment
-
What are some poultry diseases influencing hatchability and chick quality?
- -Pullorum
- -Arizona Disease
- -Fowl typhoid
- -Paratyphoid
- -Omphalitis
- -E.coli
- -Mycoplasma
-
What are the types of exposure methods for pathogens coming into contact with the embryo?
- 1. Primary-vertical transmission
- -Trans-ovarian via infected breeders
- 2. Secondary-vertical transmission
- -Systemic infection of breeder
- 3. Shell penetration
- 4. Horizontal transmission
- -Egg-Egg/Chick-Chick
- 5. Vaccinations
- -Contamination
-
What is an example of posterior duplication?
4 legs
-
What goes along with beak deformity?
Eye deformity
-
What is Amaxilla?
No/Reduced upper beak
-
What is an example of anterior duplication?
2 heads
-
What can severe posterior duplication lead to?
Coelosomia
-
What is a common cause of open spine?
Temperature variations
-
Disease almost always comes from the hatchery
True
-
What is the cause of the symptom White Diarrhea?
Polorum samonela
-
What is the easiest way for pathogens to come in contact with embryo?
Primary Vertical Transmission
-
Is Polorum highly transmissable?
No, but influenza is!
-
Embryo positions during development: Day 3
Turns onto left side
-
Embryo positions during development: Day 10
At right angle to long axis of egg
-
Embryo positions during development: Day 14
Body is parallel with long axis of egg
-
Embryo positions during devlopment: Day 18
Assumes Hatch position
-
What is the CO2 concentration in the air cell on 19 doi?
6-8%
-
Malposition I
- -Head between thighs
- -Completely lethal
- -Cause: Elevated temperature
-
Malposition II
- -Head in Small End
- -Week 2 critical
- -Cause: Lowered temperature, horizontal vs. vertical
-
Malposition III
- -Head under left wing
- -Almost completely lethal
- -Causes: High/Low temperature, Horizontal vs. Vertical, Breeder nutrition
-
Malpositon IV
- -Beak directed away from air cel
- -Week 3 critical
- -Causes: Horizontal vs. Vertical egg position
-
Malposition V
- -Feet over Head
- -May affect hatchability
-
Malposition VI
- -Head over Right Wing
- -May affect hatchability
- -Vitamin deficiencies
-
-
What are the genetic factors contributing to malpositions?
- -Individual hens
- -Inbreeding
- -Sticky lethal (Malposition III)
-
Malposition I occurence:
12.5%
-
Malposition II occurence:
7.5%
-
Malposition III occurence
7.5%
-
Malposition IV occurence
4.5%
-
-
-
Non-genetic factors contributing to Malpositions:
- -Larger eggs= Malposition III
- -Decreased turning frequency
- -Incubating eggs Small end up= Malposition III
- -Large end coated with parafin= Malposition II
- -Allantois sticking to shell membrane= I & III
-
What % of hatched chicks are not marketable?
8%
-
Residual yolk mass in newly hatched chicks can account for how much of hatch weight?
20%
-
What is the Merkels diverticulum?
After 10 days of age, it is the only remnant of the yolk sac
|
|