MEDA 137

White

Black

Hematocrit

Hemoglobin

Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate

Antistreptolysin O; used to detect recent streptococcal infection

C-Reactive Protein; positive when inflammatory conditions with tissue destruction are present; monitors progess of RA, rheumatic fever, malignancy, faster reaction than ESR

Potassium Hydroxide; helps visualize fungal appearance

A radiographic examination of the breasts used to detect many forms of breast disease, such as benign breast masses, breast calcifications, fibrocystic breast disease, and particularly breast cancer

The x-rays are directed from the front toward the back of the body. The patient is positioned with the anterior (front) side of the body facing the radiograph tube and the posterior (back) side facing the radiographic film

The x-rays are directed from the back toward the front of the body. The patient is positioned with the posterior (back) side of the body facing the radiograph tube and the anterior (front) side of the body facing the radiographic film

The x-ray beam passes from one side of the body to the opposite side

The right side of the body is positioned next to the radiographic film, and the x-rays are directed through the body from the left to the right side

The left side of the body is positioned next to the radiographic film, and the x-rays are directed through the body from the right to the left side

The body is positioned at an angle or in a semilateral position

The patient is positioned on the back with the face upward

The patient is positioned on the abdomen with the head turned to one side

Blood

High-density lipoprotein (HDL)

• Notes:
• removes excess cholesterol from the cells and carries it to the liver to be excreted. Since HDL removes excess cholesterol from the walls of the blood vessels, it is protective and beneficial to the body; a high HDL cholesterol level has been shown to reduce the risk of heart disease, whereas a low level of HDL cholesterol (less than 40 mg/dL) is a risk factor for coronary disease

Excessive increase in urine output

Decrease in urine output

The act of urination (voiding)

Failure of the kidneys to produce urine

Secretion and passage of increased amounts of urine

Difficult or painful urination

Involuntary urination

Blood in the urine

Excessive (voluntary) night time urination

Pus in the urine

Incomplete empyting of the bladder

Immediate need to urinate

Inability to retain urine (involuntary urination)

Inside kidneys

Filtration of urine

Where urine passes through to and from different structures

The first step of urination process

Involves the passing of a sterile tube through the urethra and into the bladder to remove urine

Involves the passing of a sterile needle through the abdominal wall into the bladder to remove urine

You prepare your tubes and place them inside the centrifuge while making sure that the centrifuge is balanced by placing the same amount of tubes opposite of one another

Collecting a fasting blood sample and measuring the amount of glucose in it; that patient should not have anything to eat or drink except water for 12 hours prior to the test; normal ranges between 70 and 110 mg of glucose per 100 ml of blood; often performed on diabetic patients to evaluate their progress and regulate treatment and on patients as a routine screening test to detect diabetes mellitus

Used to screen for diabetes mellitus and to monitor the effects of insulin dosage in patients with diabetes

To stain for AFB (Acid Fast Bacteria)

Sensitivity testing enables the physician to decide which antibiotics would most likely be effective against the infectious disease in question

The purpose of a laboratory report is to relay the results of the lab tests to the physician

The purpose of a requisition is provide the outside laboratory with essential information necessary for accurate testing, reporting of results, and billing

Advanced Beneficiary Notice

• Notes:
• Limited coverage tests – If test is NOT listed, doesn’t have limitations and will be paid by Medicare and it does not need an ABN; if test IS listed it does have limitations and Medicare may not pay for it so it DOES need an ABN

The diagnosis codes listed does not need an ABN, Medicare will pay for it; the diagnosis codes not listed needs an ABN

If test is listed check diagnosis code

Makes the serum or plasma appear red or pink

Hemolysis affects removal of serum because the red blood cells have ruptured and released hemoglobin into the serum which makes it unsuitable for laboratory tests because the results would be inaccurate. Include K, Mg, Fe

• Total cholesterole
• LDL
• HDL
• Triglycerides
• CRF (Cardiac risk factor; based on age, gender, & other tests)

To store and expel urine; a hollow, muscular sac that can hold approximately 500 ml of urine

Has A antigen on blood cells and anti-B in the blood stream

has B antigens on blood cells, and anti-A in the blood stream

Has A and B antigens on blood cells, but has no ABO antibodies in blood stream

Has no ABO antigens in the blood stream but has anti-A and anti-B in the blood stream

Rh antibodies are important when a woman is pregnant

To screen for the presence of certain metabolic and endocrine diesases in a newborn; the earlier the screening is done the better chances to prevent adverse effects; causes brain damage that is irreversible due to build up of phenylketones; also called Guthrie test

1.000

Het is an antibody produced by the body when infected by EBV (Epstein Barr Virus) also known as the "kissing disease"

To view a specimen in its natural state; provides motility

The study of antigen and antibody reactions; antigen is a substance that is capable of stimulating the formation of antibodies in an individual; antibody is a substance that is capable of combining with an antigen, resulting in an antigen-antibody reaction; tests include Hepatitis, Syphilis, Mononucleosis, Rheumatoid Factor, Antistreptolysin O, C-Reactive, Cold Agglutinins, ABO and Rh Blood typing, Rh Antibody Titer

Vaginal discharge

Hyaline – colorless, transparent, low refractive index

Red Blood Cell – yellow-orange color, high refractive index

White Blood Cell – neutrophils in hyaline matrix, high refractive index

Epithelial Cell – renal tubular epithelial cells in hyaline matrix, high refractive index

Granular – opaque granules in matrix

Waxy – sharp, refractile outlines; irregular “broken-off” ends; absence of differentiated structures

Fatty – fat globules in transparent matrix

Broad – larger diameter than other casts

Mixed – combination of any of the above

Large, clear, flat cells with an irregular shape; they contain a small nucleus and come from the urethra, bladder, and vagina; they are normally present in small amounts in the urine; also it is a thin, flat layer of cells, about 10 layers thick of the cervix

FOBT - Fecal Occult Blood Test

Water

The American Cancer Society recommends a woman have her first Pap test beginning within 3 years of having vaginal intercourse or at 21 years of age, whichever is earlier. Screening should then be performed every year with the direct smear Pap test or every 2 years with the liquid-based Pap test. Beginning at age 30, women who have tested negative for three or more consecutive Pap tests may be screened every 2 to 3 years

Female – Spread labia apart to expose the opening, use 1st wipe to clean one side of the labia with a front to back swipe; use 2nd wipe to clean the other side; use 3rd wipe to clean over the opening; throw away each wipe after each use

Male – Wipe each side of penis with two separate wipes; wipe over the opening with a new wipe

EDTA; used to obtain whole blood or serum

Heparin; used to collect blood specimens to perform blood gas determinations and pH assays

Sodium fluoride/potassium oxalate; used to obtain whole blood or plasma; common for glucose tolerance test

Measures concentration of dissolved substances and is usually between 1.010 and 1.025

A disease where plaque builds up in the arteries; triglycerides measures patients with suspected atherosclerosis

About 3 ml; an occult blood test shows a positive reaction when it reaches a level of 5 ml or more

To screen for colon cancer and other conditions including hemorrhoids, diverticulosis, polyps, colitis, and upper gastrointestinal ulcers

Caused by the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis; a gram-negative intracellular bacterium; it grows and multiplies in the cytoplasma of the host cell; most frequently reported and fastest spreading sexually transmitted disease in the US

A yeast-like fungus normally found in the intestinal tract and is a frequent contaminant of the vagina; however, it usually does not produce symptoms indicating a vaginal infection

Uses high-frequency sound waves for the study of soft tissue structures; frequently used in the diagnosis of conditions of the abdominal and pelvic organs, particularly the liver, gallbladder, spleen, pancreas, kidneys, uterus, and ovaries.

Ultrasound of the heart is called echocardiogram and determines the size, shape, and position of the heart

Ketones

The physician

Used for imaging tissues of high fat and water content that cannot be seen with other radiologic techniques. MRI assists in the diagnosis of intracranial and spinal lesions and cardiovascular and soft tissue abnormalities, such as herniated discs and joint disease; MRI allows to see through bone and view fluid-filled soft tissue in great detail; a strong magnetic field and ordinary radiowaves produce computer-processed images of internal body structures

• Carbon Dixoide
• Chloride
• Potassium
• Sodium

Screen for electrolyte or acid-base imbalance and monitor effect of treatment on disease or condition that causes electrolyte imbalance

This profile also is used to evaluate patient taking medication that can cause electrolyte imbalance

Serum is obtained from clotted blood by allowing the specimen to stand and then centrifuging it; serum has no anticoagulant; after centrifuging it the layers include serum and clotted cells

Plasma is obtained from whole blood that has been centrifuged; plasma has anticoagulant; after centrifuging it the layers include plasma, buffy coat, and cells

It should be collected in the morning when you wakeup, the patient should be instructed to cough deeply to allow for that sputum to come up, if the patient is unable to cough it up they may be given some kind of mist to help them cough up the sputum; once the sputum is collected it should be placed into a container with substance that promotes growth of bacteria or fungi

A 3000 ml container is used to collect the specimen and it should be kept refrigerated or placed in an ice chest and some containers may contain a preservative; alcohol and drugs should be avoided during and prior to this collection; in the morning void your first urine in the toilet and note the date and time, your next void and each one after that should be collected into the container for the rest of the day, the next morning wake up at the same time and void your last amount of urine into the container and return the container to the doctor’s office

No, Hepatitis A is spread through feces; Hep B is a bloodborne pathogen

Remember that nitrites are NOT always present in a urine specimen when bacteria is present. Only certain types of bacteria cause the nitrite to be positive.

Nitrite in the urine indicates the presence of a pathogen in the (normally sterile) urinary tract, which results in UTI. The pathogen possesses the ability to convert nitrate, which normally occurs in the urine, to nitrite, which is normally absent

To measure the amount of hCG actually present in the blood

Place the capillary tube into the reader, line up the bottom of the red cells on the 0 line and slide the tube until the top of the plasma or the meniscus intersects with the 100 line and then read straight across at the top of the red cells

Group A beta-hemolytic streptococcus known as Streptococcus pyogenes

Prostate Specific Antigen

If the physician is aware of the disease that is causing the inflammation then yes it would be good to do weekly tests to monitor the progression of the disease. However, it the disease is unknown it wouldn’t be a good idea because generally an ESR is a nonspecific test, it tells you there IS inflammation but doesn’t tell you where and what is causing it

A bleeding time is a test to see if platelets are working as they should. Platelets are little particles found in the blood that are needed to help blood clot.

A bleeding time may be done if you are taking an anticoagulant drug or if you have signs or symptoms of a bleeding disorder such as nosebleeds, bleeding gums, bruising, heavy menstrual periods, or blood in the stool and/or urine or may be ordered before an invasive medical procedure such as surgery, to ensure normal clotting ability. It might be ordered to see how well the coagulation factors. PTT or INR may be other tests with this bleeding time

Genearlly the liquid portion (plasma or serum) of the blood

Specific Gravity – no “abnormal” values; indicates how concentrated the urine is

pH – typical but not “abnormal” pH values

Protein – normally no detectable quantities


Glucose – normally not present in urine

Ketones – not normally found in urine

Blood – not found in urine

Leukocytes – normally, a few white blood cells are present in urine but still comes up as negative

Nitrite – not found in urine

Bilirubin – not normally present in the urine

Urobilinogen – normally present in urine in low concentrations

Provides more detailed information about the ability of the body to metabolize glucose by assessing the insulin response to a glucose load; used to assist in the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus, hypoglycemia, and liver and adrenocortical dysfunction; provides a more thorough analysis of glucose use than either the FBS or 2-hour PPBS test

A C. difficile toxin test may be ordered when a hospitalized patient has frequent loose stools, abdominal pain, fever, and/or nausea during or following a course of antibiotics or following a recent gastrointestinal surgery. It may be ordered when an outpatient develops these symptoms within 6-8 weeks after taking antibiotics, several days after chemotherapy, or when a patient has a chronic gastrointestinal disorder that the doctor suspects is being worsened by a C. difficile infection. The C. difficile toxin test may be ordered to help diagnose the cause of frequent diarrhea when no other discernable cause (such as parasites or pathogenic bacteria) has been detected