Evolution

Species that resemble each other even though they do not have a common ancestor.

The things used to compare to. It is closely related to the ingroup but not a member of it.

The trait the outgroup possess. the first trait.

Populations

A group of populations whose members can interbreed and produce fertile offspring.

A group of individuals of the same species living in the same place at the same time.

• The population is very large
• The population is isolated
• Mutations do not alter the gene pool
• Mating is random
• All individuals are equal in reproductive success

• p+q=1
• p2 + 2pq +q2 = 1

• Genetic Drift
• Gene Flow
• Natural Selection

• A change in the gene pool of a population due to chance.
• The smaller the population the greater the impact.

An example of genetic drift. Natural disasters may kill large numbers of individuals producing a small surviving population unlikely to have the same genetic makeup as the original population.

The colonization of a new location by a small number of individuals. The smaller the group the less chance the genetic makeup will be representative of the large population they left.

A population gains of loses alleles when individuals move into or out of a population or when gametes are transferred between populations.

The contribution an individual makes to the gene pool of the next generation relative to the contributions of other individuals. The most fit ones are the one who produce the largest number of viable, fertile offspring and thus pass on the most genes to the next generation.

• Organisms are limited by historical constraints
• Adaptations are often compromises
• Chance and natural selection interact
• Selection can only edit existing variation

He influenced Darwin. he said that organisms interactions with the environment influences evolution. He was correct.

A geologist who influenced Darwin

An economist who influenced Darwin.

The guy who had the same ideas as Darwin.

It encompasses the origin of new taxonomic groups, evolutionary trends. adaptive radiation and mass extinction

A change in a population's gene pool over a several generations' evolutionary changes over a brief period of time.

• Emergence of a new species
• Each time it occurs diversity increases

hybrid fail to develop or reach sexual maturity

hybrids fail to produce functional gametes

offspring of hybrids are weak or infertile.

• Temporal
• Behavioral
• Habitat
• Mechanical
• Gametic

• two species breed at different times
• (different seasons, times of day, or even years)

special signals attract males and elaborate mating behaviors are unique to a species.

Behavioral isolation

male and female sex organs are not compatible

mating may take place but zygote is not produced by gametes

two species live in same general area but not in same kinds of places

a result of an ancestral population’s becoming insolated by a geographic barrier.

• •Mountain range may emerge and separate
• populations
• •Large lake may subside into many smaller
• lakes isolating fish populations

A new species forms as a result of a genetic change that produces a reproductive barrier between the changed population (mutants) and the parent population.

Important in plant species.

Meiosis fails to occur properly. So one of the new cells is polyploid

The emergence of numerous species from a common ancestor introduced to new and diverse environments.

Differences gradually evolve in populations as they adapt to their environment

Abrupt episodes of speciation punctuating long periods of little or no change (equilibrium)