HIV. Infection Controls

The HIV is acquired in non-occupational settings either across mucous membranes or parenterally by?

a.unprotected penetrative sex between men

b.unprotected heterosexual intercourse

c.injection drug use d.All of the above.

Which of the following statements with respect to the prevalence or incidence of the HIV infections in the United States is correct?

a.The prevalence of HIV infection (estimated to be 1.2 million) is higher than ever.

b.The annual number of new HIV infections (estimated to be about 47,500) has remained stable in recent years.

c.The rate of new infections for whites is 8.7, for Hispanics/Latinos it is 27.5, and for blacks/African Americans it is 68.9 per 100,000.

d.All of the above.

All of the following statements with respect to the pattern of disease progression are correct except which one?

a. After an incubation period of 1 to 3 weeks, 50 to 80 percent of patients experience an ill-defined Acute Retroviral Syndrome.

b.Non-specific signs and symptoms associated with primary infection include malaise, lethargy, and a sore throat, arthralgia, myalgia, headache, photophobia, maculopapular rash and lymphadenopathy.

c. During the period of clinical latency, which typically lasts 10 years, the patient is usually free of overt illness.

d. The final phase is characterized by the appearance of AIDS-defining conditions.

Which of the following oral conditions have been demonstrated to be positive predictors of HIV-associated disease progression?

a.Oral candidiasis

b.Hairy leukoplakia

c.Salivary gland disease

d.A and B

The diagnosis of HIV infection is established
by which of the following method?

A.   
Positive result from an HIV antibody screening test (e.g.,
reactive enzyme immunoassay [EIA]).

B.   
Positive EIA confirmed by a positive result from a supplemental
HIV antibody test (e.g., Western blot or indirect immunofluorescence assay
test).

C.   
Positive result from any of the following HIV virologic tests:
PCR, HIV p24 antigen test, or HIV isolation.

D.   
B and C

A confirmed care of HIV infection classified
as HIV infection, stage 2, meets which of the following criteria except which
one?

A.   
No AIDS-defining
conditions.

B.   
At least one of the AIDS-defining conditions has been
documented.

C.   
No information on AIDS-defining conditions.

D.   
No information on CD4+ T-lymphocyte count or percentage.

Which of the following statements concerning
antiretroviral drug therapy is not true?

A.   
HIV infection is treated
with single antiretroviral agent.

B.   
ART for treatment-naïve patients may be NNRTI-based or PI-based.

C.   
The treatment of injection drug users, HIV infected women of
reproductive age and pregnant women, and patients with co-infections (HBV, HCV,
tuberculosis) require special ART.

D.   
Increases in viral load while the patient is on ART may indicate
drug resistance.

Which of the following is a required element
for the transmission of infectious agents in healthcare settings?

A.   
A source of reservoir of infectious agents.

B.   
A susceptible host with a portal of entry receptive of the
agent.

C.   
A mode of transmission for the agent.

D.   
All of the above.

Which of the following statements are correct
with respect to contact transmission?

A.   
Direct transmission occurs when blood or other potentially
infectious material from an infected person directly enters the body of a
susceptible person through contact with mucous membrane or break in the skin.

B.   
Indirect transmission occurs when the hands of HCWs transmit
pathogens after touching an infected body site on one patient, inanimate
object, on a contaminated environmental surface and hand hygiene is not
performed before touching another patient.

C.   
Indirect transmission occurs when patient-care devices,
contaminated with blood or OPIM are shared between patients without being
adequately cleaned, disinfected, or sterilized.

D.   
All of the above.

All of the following statements are correct
with respect to droplet transmission except which one?

A.   
Droplets are particles of moisture greater than 5μm, containing potentially infectious organisms.

B.   
Droplet transmission is generally limited to distances beyond 3 feet of the source of infectious particles.

C.   
Exposure to pathogens in droplets constitutes a form of contact
transmission.

D.
Droplet transmission may include contact of a susceptible host with contaminated
intermediate objects or environmental surfaces

Which of the following statements related to
patient-to-provider transmission of HIV is correct?

A.   
No cases of occupational HIV transmission to HCWs in the United
States have been documented since 1999.

B.   
The average risk for HIV infection after percutaneous exposure
is estimated to be approximately 0.3% (I infection associated with 2,885
exposures).

C.   
The average risk for HIV infection after mucous membrane (eyes,
nose, and mouth) exposure is estimated to be approximately 0.09%.

D.   
All of the above.

Which of the following statements related to provider-to-patient
transmission of HIV is correct?

A.   
Since HIV was isolated 25 years ago, only 4 instances of HIV
transmission from infected provider to patient have been documented worldwide
and no cases have been reported since 2003.

B.   
The U.S. cluster involved a dentist, although the precise
mechanisms of transmission were never determined and no data were uncovered
suggesting intentional transmission.

C.   
More than 4 dozen look-back studies have been conducted and none
of these studies identified evidence of provider-to-patient transmission.

D.   
All of the above.

Which of the following statements are relevant
with respect to HIV-related precautions in healthcare settings?

A.   
In the United States, the proportion of persons who do not know
that they are infected with the HIV is estimated to be 20%.

B.   
Standard Precautions have been confirmed as effective to prevent
exposure to infected blood or OPIM.

C.   
Standard Precautions constitutes the primary strategy for the
prevention healthcare-associated transmission of HIV.

D.   
All of the above.

The first step in managing a percutaneous
wound to the finger is _______________.

A.   
to inject the wound with an antiseptic

B.   
to squeeze the wound to express fluid

C.   
to flush the wound with water

D.   
to wash the wound with
soap and water

1.   
All of the following statements concerning
post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) for healthcare worker potentially exposed to
HIV are true except which one?

A.   
PEP should be initiated as soon as possible, preferably within 2
hours of exposure.

B.   
For HIV exposures that warrant PEP, a basic 4 week, two-drug
regimen is recommended.

C.   
If PEP is initiated and the source is ultimately determined to
be HIV negative, PEP is discontinued.

D.   
PEP has been shown to be
100% effective in preventing HIV infection.

1.   
Methods to monitor for PEP toxicity include:

A.   
Renal and liver function tests.

B.   
Self-monitoring for adverse reactions.

C.   
Complete blood count.

D.   
All of the above.

1.   
In managing a possible occupational HIV
exposure, testing of the healthcare worker for HIV seroconversion is indicate

A.   
at baseline, 1 month, 6 months, and 1 year

B.   
at baseline, 6 weeks, 6 months, and 1 year

C.   
at baseline, 6 weeks, 12
weeks, and 6 months

D.   
at baseline, 12 weeks, 6 months, and 1 year

1.   
Elements of post-exposure counseling and
education for a potential HIV exposure include:

A.   
Education on potential signs and symptoms of acute HIV
infection.

B.   
The need to avoid donating blood.

C.   
Precautions to prevent secondary spread through sex.

D.   
All of the above.

1.   
Which of the following statements is correct
with respect of SHEA guidelines to minimize provider-to-patient transmission of
HIV in healthcare settings?

A.   
Infected healthcare providers should not be totally prohibited
from patient care solely on the basis of an infection with HIV.

B.   
Clinical privileges should be graduated according to the
likelihood of procedure-related provider-to-patient transmission of these
pathogens.

C.   
Clinical privileges should be graduated according to the
relative viral load of the infected provider.

D.   
All of the above.

1.   
Which of the following statements is correct
relative to the responsibilities of an infected healthcare provider?

A.   
Routine voluntary, confidential testing of providers is
encouraged.

B.   
A clinician in private practice who develops HIV infection is
ethically bound to report it to the local health department.

C.   
Healthcare providers infected with HIV should have their
clinical status and laboratory data evaluated by an Expert Review Panel
convened in congruence with state and local laws.

D.   
All of the above.