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List the protective secretions of the skin.
- Keratin.
- Sweat.
- Sebum.
- Mucous Membranes.
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How does Keratin protect your body?
water-proofing protein which prevents water soluble substances from entering body.
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How does Sweat protect your body?
High salt concentration of sweat inhibits most microorganisms.
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How does Sebum protect your body?
- oily secretion prodcued by sebaceous gland acidic nature discourages growth of pathogens.
- skin normal flora can survive low pH and high salt effects.
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How do Mucous Membranes protect your skin?
- line respiratory, digestive and urogential systems.
- Globlet cells w/n the epithelial layer produce mucus which prevents drying and cracking of mucous membranes.
- Servs to trap microbes before an infection can be established.
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What is the causative agent for Staphylococcal Infections?
Staphylococcus aureus.
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What is the causative agent for Scalded Skin Syndrome?
Strains of Staphylococcus aureus producing exfoliatin toxins A and B.
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What is the causative agent for Streptococcal Infections?
streptococcus pyogenes.
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What is the causative agent for Impetigo Infections?
- Streptococcus pyogenes.
- Staphylococcus aureus.
- Corynebacteria.
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What are the causative agent for Scarlet Fever?
Streptococcus pyogenes infected with temperate phage.
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What is the causative agent for Necrotizing Fasciitis?
Streptococcus pyogenes.
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What is the causative agent for Acne Vulgaris?
Propionbacterium acnes.
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What is the causative agent for Burn Infections?
- Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
- Strict aerobe, motile bacterium.
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What is the causative agent for Rubella?
Rubella Virus (ssRNA virus)
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What is the causative agent for Rubeola?
rubeola virus (ssRNA virus)
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What is the causative agent for Chickenpox and Shingles?
- Varicella zoster virus (VZV) (dsDNAvirus).
- A herpesvirus causes both diseases.
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What is the causative agent for Smallpox?
variola virus.
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What is the causative agent for Warts?
human papillomaviruses (HPV).
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What is the caustative agent for Kaposi's Sarcoma?
Human Herpes Virus 8
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What is the causative agent for Keratinized Tissue?
- dermatophytes.
- Epidermophyton.
- Trichophyton.
- Microsporum.
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What is the causative agent for Subcutaneous Tissue?
- Blastomycosis.
- Candidiasis.
- Maduramycosis.
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What is the causative agent of Opthalmia Neonatorum?
- Neisseria gonorrhoeae.
- Chlamydias.
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What is the causative agent of Conjunctivitis (pink eye)?
- Hemophilus aegypticus.
- Streptococcus pneumoniae.
- others.
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What is the causative agent of Ocular Trachoma?
Chlamydia trachomatis.
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What is the causative agent for Gas Gangrene?
Clostridium perfringens.
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What is the causative agent for Buruli ulcer?
Mycobacterium ulcerans.
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What is the causative agent of Animal bites?
Pasteurella multocida.
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What is the function of the toxin for Staphylococcus aureus (Scalded Skin Syndrome)?
exofoliation toxins A & B carried in bloodstream to epidermis causes layers of cells to peal apart.
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What is the function of toxin for Streptococcus pyogenes infected with temperate phage (Scarlet Fever)?
- erthrogenic toxin (3kinds).
- toxin circulates in bloodstreamm causing redness of skin.
- (strawbery tongue, rash w/red bumps on chest and abdomen).
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What is the function of toxin in Streptococcus pyogenes (Necrotizing Fasciitis)?
- Pyrogenic exotoxin A causes streptococcal shock.
- Exotoxin B protease that destroys tissue proteins.
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What is the function of toxin Pseudomonas aeruginosa?
produces tissue killing toxins that erode the skin.
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What is the causative agent for Arthropod bites?
Pediculosis.
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What is the function of toxin Clostridium perfringens (Gas Gangrene)?
gama-toxin and enzymes degrade tissue.
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What is the function of toxin of Pasteurella multocida?
Produces endotoxin capsule helps organism evade phagocytosis.
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What is the major identifying symptom of Scalded Skin Syndrome?
- Skin peels.
- loss o body fluid.
- susceptible to secondary infection.
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What is the major identifying symptom of Impetigo?
pus-producing skin infections.
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What is the major identifying symptom of Scarlet Fever?
- Strawberry tongue.
- rash with red bumps on chest and abdomen.
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What is the major identifying symptom of Necrotizing Fasciitis?
- destruciton of skin and muscle.
- flesh eating bacteria.
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What is the major identifying symptom of Acne Vulgaris?
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What is the major identifying symptom of Rubella (German Measles)?
- Causes skin rash.
- Congenital rubella causes severe damage to embryo's organs.
- Growth retardation.
- Mental retardation.
- Deafness.
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What is the major identifying symptom of Rubeola?
- Fever.
- Runny Nose.
- Cough.
- swollen, red weepy eyes.
- Rash on forehead that spreads.
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What is the major identifying symptom of Chickenpox & Shingles?
- Fever.
- Rash.
- Small red spots that blister and become moist developing crusty scabs.
- Appears on head and face then body and extremities.
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What is the major identifying symptom of Smallpox?
vesicles appear in mouth/throat spreading to face, forearms, hands and finally trunk & legs.
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What is the major identifying symptom of Warts?
Genital respiratory oral and skin warts.
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What is the major identifying symptom of Kaposi's sarcoma?
- growth of blood vessels in masses that easily rupture.
- pink or purplish spots in the skin and viscera.
- (usually found in immunosuppressed AIDS patients)
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What is the major identifying symptom of Opthamia neonatorum?
- Inflammation of the cornea can lead to perforation and destruction of the cornea.
- (babies given 1% silver nitrate at birth)
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What is the major identifying symptom of Conjunctivitis?
- inflammation of conjunctiva.
- eyelid swelling.
- large amounts of pus.
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What is the major identifying symptom of Ocular Trachoma?
severe, swollen conjunctiva causes eyelashes to turn inward causing scarring and destruciton of the cornea.
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What is the major identifying symptom of Gas Gangrene?
- Fever.
- Shock.
- Blackening of skin.
- Crepitant Tissue.
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What is the major identifying symptom of Buruli Ulcer?
- painless nodule or papule in the skin.
- leads to masive skin ulceration if not treated.
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What is the major identifying symptom of Arthropod bites?
Nits.
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What is a Sty?
Infection at the base of the eyelash.
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What is an Abscess?
A larger deeper, pus-filled infection.
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What is unique about the strain of bacteria that causes Scarlet Fever?
Strains of the Streptococcus pyogenes have been infected by a temperate phage that enables them to produce an erythrogenic toxin (red producing) that causes scarlet fever rash.
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Explain the function of lysozyme in tears.
Lysozyme in tears break down bacterial cell wall peptidoglycan and inhibits bacterial growth.
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Explain how acne is caused.
- Microorganisms feed on sebum and clog glands.
- Lipases hydrolyze the sebum into free fatty acids.
- Fatty acids irritate hair follicle and promote inflammation.
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How can a virus be latent, then reactivate to cause a different disease?
- virus is sequestered in thoracic and trigeminal nerve cells after recession of chickenpox.
- reactivation upon immunosuppression, cancer, spinal cord trauma, Xray, Chemotherapy, surgery causes lesions known as shingles.
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Why in the cases of shingles is the virus expressed along only a certain region of the body?
The varicella-zoster virus is sequestered in thoracic and trigeminal nerve cells. When reactivated, the viruses spread from a ganglion along the pathway of its associated nerve(s).
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