microbiology

• membrane bound nucleus
• genome - linear chromosomes
• membrane bound organelles

• macroscopic - mushrooms and puffballs
• microscopic - molds and yeasts
•      * molds - filamentous
•      * yeasts - unicellular
•      * dimorphic - display both mold and yeast characteristics. dependent on environment (usually temp)

hyphae - threadlike filaments

• vegetative - spread out on medium, absorbs nutrients
• reproductive - support fruiting bodies containing mold spores
• septate - individual cells are separated by cross wall
• nonseptate - coenocytic- lack cross walls, cytoplasms intermixes, appears like a multinucleated cell

mitosis, cells identical to mother cell

meiosis to produce gametes; gametes (1N) will fuse to produce a zygote (2N)

• sporangiospores - spores contained in a sac called a sporangium
• conidia - spore, not contained in a sac; branch off of a conidiophore
• budding - yeast use this method, mother cell pinches off a daughter cell.  as the daughter forms it's called a blastospore.
• arthrospore - fragments of hyphae break off and start a new colony. ex: athletes foot

chytrids; produce a zoospore with a flagellum to swim; free living or parasites.  ex: bachachytrium dendrobatidis; responsible for killing frogs and fish

• form mycorrhizae, symbiotic with plant roots; increased plant growth with the fungus
•      * ectomycorrhizae - assoc. with surface of plant roots
•      * endomycorrhizae - within plant roots

produce zygospores as part of sexual reproduction

ascospores in a sac called an ascus, sexual reproduction

basidiospores are produced by mother cell, basidium mushrooms sexual reproduction

photosynthetic, contain pigments to absorb sunlight; range from unicellular, colonial, filamentous, multicellular

aquatic or parasitic

• cytoplasm- 1. ectoplasm (toward edges, clear outer region) 2. endoplasm (central, observe organelles and granules)
• pellicle - complex that forms with the cell membrane, rigid and maintains shape
• contractile vacoule - pumps out excess H2O

heterotrophs - saprobes (fedding on dead or decaying matter), phagocytize bacteria, engulf other protozoa

• trophozoite - active feeding stage
• cyst - dormant, resistant to some environmental stress, can survive stomach acid
• reproduction - asexual (binary fission, mitosis) or sexual (conjugation)
• classification - based on DNA and structures

• alveolates
• amoebozoa
• slime molds
• cercozoa
• euglenozoa
• diplomonadida
• parabasala

contain small membrane bound cavities beneath membrane surface, called alveoli; may help with osmotic pressure.  3 groups (ciliates, apicomplexans, and dinoflagellates)

convered with cilia for motility; cilia arrangement - spiral or longitudinal arrangement. ex: balantidium coli (animal feces)

no motility, obligate parasites of animals, complex at tip assists with host penetration. ex:  plasmodium species (malaria), cryptosporidium species (GI tract), toxoplasma gondii (toxoplasmosis)

marine or freshwater phototrops - photosynthesis part of plankton; 2 flagella - to spin and to move forward.  armor plates made of cellulose.  ex: red tide; gonyalaux makes a neurotoxin

the kingdom protista includes both algae and protozoa

• move with lob shaped pseudopods.
•      a) entamoebas- intestinal parasites.  ex:  entamoeba histolytica.  can cause amoeboid dysentery. 

bloody mucoid stools; inflammation of the intestines

fruiting bodies with spores in life cycle.  Includes cellular or plasmodial slime molds.

• haploid (1N) cells that are active feeding
• the cells congregate and form a "slug" which is a pseudoplasmodium
• slug stops and forms a fruiting body
• ex:  dictostelium

• plasmodium - single mas of protoplasm, multinucleated
• ex:  physarium

• feed via thread like pseudopodia
• shell with holes
• marine organisms
• 2 groups:  foraminifera and radiolaria

• cercozoa
• calcium carbonate shell, look snail like
• die to form limestone

• shells (tests) made of silica
• die and settle on ocean floor

• 2 groups
• euglenids- photoautotrophs, have chlorophyl, aquatic. ex: euglena - food for the "bigger ones"
• kinetoplastids - single large mitochondrion called a kinetoplast.  ex: trypanosomes.  include african sleeping sickness and chagas disease

contain 2 equal sized nuclei; lack mitochondria, have a mitosome for citric acid cycle and ETS.  ex: giardia intestinalis

lack mitochondria, have hydrogenosome for anaerobic respiration.  ex:  trichomonas vaginalis

platyhelminthes - flat worms, hermaphroditic

• turbellaria- free living, planaria
• trematoda - flukes, leaflike
• cestoda - segmented tapeworms

• intermediate host - egg develops into larvae
• definitive (final) host - larvae reach adulthood, sexually mature

• eggs hatch in water to release miracidea
• miracidia swim to and infect the intermediate host
• within the water snail the miracidium become larvae (cercaria)
• cercaria does one of 3 things:  1. burrows into final host (human) through skin and enters blood and ultimately liver. 2. enters fish that is then consumed by human raw or under cooked. 3.  becomes metacercaria that is then consumed by human
• the final host sheds eggs in feces

• tapeworms
• long ribbonlike, segmented worms
• parasites, GI tract of animals

• round worms
• GI tract complete (mouth to anus)
• males and females
• includes pinworms