NSCI 310 2nd Midterm

Actions that lead to a future extinction. Acts in the past that are causing current extinction.
Animals going extinct right now are caused by processes that were put in place in the early 1900's

We use 5.3 billion lbs of ______ per year. Most of which is _____and _____.

True or False
As much as 90% of pesticides never reach their target organisms.

______ are designed to kill target organisms without killing other animals.

Effects on non target species

Farms- Producers

What are Farms?

The Increasing concentration level of toxins in higher trophic levels.

A change in gene frequency through time.

When you eliminate pests that are the target and maybe some that are not the target, you're clearing away competition for other organsims

Pesticides are designed to be long lasting.

Selective absorption by cells (ex:water soluble, fat soluble)

Refers to how a lot of toxins end up in areas where they were not even used (ex; Polar bears have pesticides in them)

Allergens, Neurotoxins, Mutagens, Teratogens, and Carcinogen.

Shuts down nervous system

Affects genetic codes, usually makes organisms infertil (Also creates super bugs)

Affects fetal development, causes birth defects, does not alter DNA

Invasive out of control cell growth

Chemicals that can cause an allergic effect, activate your immune system.

A chemical that remains in a biological community long after it had been used. Increases in concentration by Biomagnification.

Other organisms that we use.
Usually come in groups.
Takes diversity and complexity=Stability

Health of a Biological Community.
a # of different species

Species richness and evenness and genetic diversity the species that has the most Richness, 2nd most, 3rd most, etc... is the evenness of the community

Species Richness= ________

Relative abundance of species

Variety of genes from members of the same species

Makes it more likely to survive a disease or change that effects it.

A healthy Biological Community has

If you replenish the ______, you don't necessarily replenish the _________.

Emphasizes reproductive isolation

The problem with BSC defenition

Things look sufficiently different, so they are classified as a different species.
consistency is the key.

It is tough to tell if geographic variance of different species. Also, genetic tests may disagree.

Looking at the DNA, the genetic code

Branching Relationships
Using characteristics to define species and branches as a chart to define species.
More about the relationship than the Morphological Species Concept.

Number of species currently living on earth

When a species disappears

It is estimated that ____ percent of all living organisms are extinct.

An event, Permian Extinction
Extinction Debt, Habitat change
Over-harvesting, Invasive Species

Estimated that 76% of all species died out in this period

An Event causes this
Even if perfectly adapted, organsims can still go extinct.
This has happened five times in Earth's history.

95% of all life died out.
Unknown causes

Farming, Housing , Dams, an event are causes of what type of extinction event.

The Lake trout vs the cut throat trout. The lake trout are considered

the advocacy of the reintroduction of descendants of Pleistocene megafauna, which involves reintroducing species to areas where they became extinct in recent history (hundreds of years ago or less)

Starting from President Carter, how many species did these Presidents place on the Endangered Species list
Carter
Reagan
Bush1
Clinton
Bush2
Obama

Weather happens here

Daily temp. and moisture conditions in a given area

Long term weather patterns

Weather happens here from earth to 18km up at the Equator. Only 8km at the poles.

From the top of the Troposphere to about 50km above the surface of Earth.
Very little air movement.
contains the ozone layer

Considered a greenhouse gas when it is in the Stratosphere.

50 to 80km from the Earth's surface

What causes
50% of solar energy striking Earth reaches the surface.
25% is absorbed by the atmosphere.
25% bounces back into space.

Is the Greenhouse Effect good or bad?

What type of air pollutants are there?

Pollutants that are released directly into the atmosphere

Pollutants that are modified into hazardous forms by interactions with the air.

Sulfur Dioxide or SO₂ is a

When sulfur dioxide becomes mixed with more oxygen it becomes_________ and is now considered a ______________.

When sulfur trioxide becomes mixed with water it becomes ______________.

Established by the Clean Air Act of 1970.

The 7 Criteria Pollutants are

An estimated ___to ___ billion tons of ___ are released into the atmosphere every year by fossil fuel combustion.

1 or 2 billion tons per year of _______ are released into the atmosphere by deforestation, cement manufacturing, etc...

Carbon Dioxide is absorbed at a rate of 3 billion ton per year by ________.

Carbon dioxide is absorbed by the _______ at a rate of 2 billion tons per year.

Describe the water cycle

When mountains block precipitation from getting into an area.

Low precipitation area

________ is not distributed equally over the planet

Of all the liquid H2O on earth, ____ is in the oceans and serine lakes and only ___ is fresh water

Of all the fresh water on earth, ____ is in ice and snow. ____ is in ground water and ___ is fresh surface water.

_____ of water use is domestic

___ of water use in the U.S. is done in toilet flushing

____ of water withdrawal in the U.S. is used in Agriculture.

What are the 3 ways that we use water

The state of being free from illness or injury:

1. A disorder of structure or function in a human, animal, or plant, esp. one that produces specific signs or symptoms or that affects a...

1. A particular quality, habit, or disposition regarded as adversely affecting a person or group of people.