Parasitology - Lecture

________ – generally a smaller organism that lives on or inside and at the expense of a larger animal. Example fleas

Host expense is dependent on:

________ – a biological association in which one animal is transported by another animal. Example: flea on dog or cattle egret on the back of cow in field

___________ – two organisms which live together, neither bearing a parasitic relation to the other, but one or both members deriving benefit.

________ – two organisms living together with a mutual advantageous association of two or more organisms. Example: cattle egret cow is getting the bugs on its back eaten by the cattle egret – egrets getting lunch

Another term in which two are working together is ________ relationship. _______ is when one is helping the other. Good example when 2 drugs work together to either extend the length of their effect or increase the amount of kill that they have, as opposed to antagonistic drugs

_________ – infestation with parasites

___________ – a condition in which parasites of different species parasitize a single host. Example: fleas and hookworms – internal and external parasites

_____________ – excessive parasitization by the same species

__________ means a disease that can be passed from animal to man and from man to animal.

Nickname for:
Ascariasis: 
Ancylostomiasis: 
Trichuriasis: 

Zoonotic parasites are

Hookworm infection under the skin

CLM in humans. Term does not apply to animals only to man

Ascarids in humans. Migrating within the organs of the body.

______ refers to worms. Generally refers to ascarids, ancylostoma, trichuris – internal parasites

_________ – passage of parasite via milk. Sometimes called _________.

______ – passage of parasite via placenta
Synonyms:

______ - stage in development of egg post cell

_________ – stage after morula

_______ – reduction in rbc # and/or hemoglobin

________ – parasite is sucking blood out of the dog faster than the dog can replace the blood. Treat – kill parasite and dog replaces the RBCs

________ - The body is not replacing the RBCs at the rate they are being destroyed or dying from longevity. Blood cells only last 110 days, but the bone marrow can’t replace them fast enough to equal the amount that is being destroyed

______ – normal size of rbc cell
______ – variety of shapes of cells
_________ – normal color of rbc (pink)
_____________ – not enough hemoglobin – white in color
__________ – is almost red in color

In an anemic animal what type of cells would you see? Why?

__________ – requires intermediate host (vector) generally an arthropod. Example Heartworms

_________ – no intermediate host needed. Example –transmission via urine, vomit – roundworms (ascarids) involve eating off the grass and picking up stage 2 no vector

___________ – the brand or trade name for a drug. Example: Tylenol or Pepto Bismol
_______ – the generic name for a drug. Example: Acetaminophen or Bismuth
_________ – the organic formula for the drug with carbon, hydroxide, oxygen, and covalent bonds attached

Fecal Scoring
Score __ - Feces is very hard and dry. Maybe expelled as individual pellets. Usually indicates dehydration in animal

Fecal Scoring
Score __ – firm, but not hard. Segmented appearance but pliable

Fecal Scoring
Score __ – log like. Little to no segmentation.

Fecal Scoring
Score __ – very moist but distinct log shape. Leaves oily residue when picked up.

Fecal Scoring
Score __ – very moist and has distinct shape like 4 but is present in piles rather than as distinct logs like 4.

Fecal Scoring
Score __ – has texture but no distinct shape. Occurs in piles or spots.

Fecal Scoring
Score __ – watery, no texture at all. Flat and occurs in puddles

Of all the parasites that will pass and be seen in the stool of the dog and cat, which two will they commonly see with the unaided eye?
Exception?

Heartworm transmission in certain areas has allowed it to spread throughout the US since its first appearance in

CAPC = ___________ is an organization designed to foster animal and human health while preserving the human-animal bond through recommendations for the diagnosis, treatment, prevention, and control of parasitic infections.

6 Basic CAPC Recommendations

List 7 tests for intestinal parasites - which is the best?

Most Commonly Used test in clinics for intestinal parasites are (list effectiveness)

4 common parasites found in private practice are

Most tapeworms are diagnosed in the clinic by

At Auburn an ELISA test has been developed specifically for the tapes by detecting the _____ from the segments in the feces. It has been named “_________” (__% effective blood test). It is being made available to outpatient clinics now. The test detects proteins specifically from tapeworms.

ELISA prevalence of tapeworm in shelter dogs is ____%
ELISA prevalence of tapeworm in privately owned dogs is ___%

Specific gravity – Minimal effective concentrations
Ascarids (rounds) & Ancylostoma (hooks) = __
Trichuris vulpis (whips) = ___ 
Taenia (tape) = ____
Physaloptera (stomach whips) = ____

_______ means it is a very concentrated solution

______ is the floatation medium most commonly used, however ________ is very effective as well

______ are most common worms in veterinary medicine and also as a parasite in human medicine throughout the world. Keep in mind ________ is the Ascarid most common parasite found in man worldwide

The word zoonotic and term Public Health are used interchangeably as we discuss some of the transmissible disease; however to be zoonotic the transmission must be susceptible to both the animal and man. If it doesn’t affect the animal and is transferred to man then it is either a _______________.

______ people in the U.S. are infected with larvae of Toxocara genus from dogs and cats. _______children alone are affected annually by ascarids transmitted by dogs and cats.
____of whom lose their vision as a result – called ocular larvae migrans.
A study conducted by ophthalmologist reported migrating Toxocara larvae caused
___% cases of retinal disease in children

Majority of all puppies born in U.S. are infected with Toxocara canis and a high percentage with Ancylostoma caninum because they are transmitted _____ and _________; these puppies can begin to shed eggs as young as ____ weeks of age

Baylisascaris procyonis 
Definitive host ________, but can infect dogs, is a source of illness in people. 
Picked up ______.
Raccoons poop and pee in one area, called a ______. 

Hookworms in man are a well-known cause of ___________. And recently Ancylostoma caninum has been recognized to be the cause in man of ____________. 

2 of your more common zoonotic diseases associated with metazoan parasites or metazoan etiologies

List 9 People susceptible to Zoonosis

Male nematodes are smaller than female of their species. Male nematodes caudal ends are often equipped with a cuticular expansion called a _________ for
grasping the female.

Female nematodes – reproductive system consists of ____________ connected to a _____________. Females are generally bigger and more parasitic (suck more blood)

_____________ lays eggs that hatch

_____________ lays live larvae

List 5 Transmission methods for Ancylostoma infection?

Most common way puppy will get hookworms is 

The clinical picture in hookworm disease is dependent on the:

Symptoms of Ancylostoma

Hookworm
Phylum - 
Order –
Family –
Genus –

Hookworms do not suck blood, they suck the _______. At any one time it can be attached to the intestines, it can be migrating through the body, not just the liver and lungs, migrating to a muscle or it can be encysted in the tissue. Encysted in the tissue is called ____________.

_______ can evoke an eruption of encysted larvae. Some people feel that the encysted parasites like hookworm larvae can be affected with microfilaria doses of ____________.

Life Cycle of Hooks is _______ life cycle

Ascarid and Ancylostoma can be transmitted

8 Treatments of Ancylostoma caninum

Control of Ancylostoma caninum

Clinical Signs of Ancylostomiasis
Inhabit ___________ – ______ feces.
Other parasite that give this type stool it is a stomach worm called __________
Egg to 3rd Stage Larvae in _____ days –optimal time for infection

Clinical Picture: (ancylostomiasis)

3 forms of diagnosing anycylostomiasis

____________ is the most common and most virulent of all the hookworms seen in North America

2 protozoans that are most common

Life Cycle of A. caninum

Once the 3rd stage larvae is consumed and passes to the small intestines, one of two avenues may be taken by the A. caninum larvae:

U. stenocephala can produce severe anemia and death within 

_________ and ____________ can both penetrate the skin resulting in Cutaneous Larval Migrans. It is considered in most circles that the name CLM refers only to the penetration of __________ however.

If you do an immediate floatation (within hours) and you see larvae, it is probably going to be __________ or __________.
On feces 4-5 days old, and you see larvae it is probably going to be _________.

Chemotherapy drugs for hooks - Among the currently most common are:
List Propietary & non-proprietary name

How do you control Hooks – Control of ascarids is basically the same thing.

2nd most common Nematode Parasite of Dogs and Cats

Roundworms
Phylum – 
Order –
Family – 
Genus –

__________ and _________ (like Ancylostoma caninum) are the most pathogenic of the roundworms

Transmission of Ascarids is by:

What happens if they eat the 1st Stage larvae (ascarids)?

Transtracheal migration this is common for every ascarid in every species. In the pig, the coughing brought on by the migration is called ________.

_____ means that it has to go through an intermediate host.
_____ means that it does not have go through an intermediate host.
If it is picked up by another animal and eaten by dog, then that animal that was eaten is called a ________ host.
Intermediate host implies ________. Paratenic host implies ____________.

Baylisascaris procyonis is dangerous because in animals and in man because it 

Toxocara canis and T. cati follow what is called a __________ Also sometimes called __________. This occurs in any ascarid

Patterns of migration of ascarids

Toxocara canis is the largest ascarid in dogs living in the _________ and are long white and often straight in contrast to the worms of Physaloptera rara which lives in the ___________ and is continuous ________ throughout its life

Ascarid parasite can also be passed _______ from the bitch to the pups by the ___ stage larvae. Infected pups can have the ___ stage larvae in their lungs when born, and a molt from ________ stage can occur during the first week of life. The 4th stage are then present in the ______ at ____ after birth.

Prepatent period for ascarids is ______.

_________ is the stage in which we can do a fecal and see the passage of eggs from the intestines.

Life Cycle for Ascarids

Larvae of both Ascarids and Ancylostoma that do not follow the normal routes of migration and as a result they encyst in the muscles in a dormant state. If they go to the muscle it is termed _________ is a term for this state of arrested development in the muscles.

What are the 3 forms of both the Ascarid and Ancylostoma in the animal’s body, that are not in the egg form.

Primary means of Transmission
1. Ascarids
2. Ancylostoma
Remember – this is the primary both parasites have dual transmissions.

2 Signs of Ascarid Infections in prenatal infected pups

4 Signs of Ascarid Infections in Adults

_______ – these are basically physiological changes that you can observe with the naked eye or hear. Examples vomiting, coughing, diarrhea, dyspnea, constipation etc
_______ – are the result of running test in clinical laboratory and observing changes from normal. Examples Packed cell volume, complete blood count, neutrophilia etc

Control measures of ascarids (like ancylostomiasis) include:

Chemotherapy (5) – Almost all of the compounds we work with as antihelmintics (intestinal parasite killers) will kill both ascardis and Ancylostomas.

List 8 Benzindazoles

If the Visceral Larvae Migrans is ocular it is called 

Visceral Larval Migrans (including OLM) – cause is _______ and _________. Remember _______ is NOT a visceral migrator

Cutaneous Larval Migrans – cause in humans by ________ and ________ but most authorities and text will list only _____ causing cutaneous larval migrans in zoonotic cases. Nickname .

Toxocara mystax (T. cati) – 3 similarities to Toxocara canis

Toxocara mystax (T. cati) – difference to Toxocara canis

Toxascaris leonina does not have visceral migration, but follows a mucosal migration with the 2nd and 3rd molts occurring in the ______ and the 4th stage entering the ________ to mature.
Inside the intestine to outside= 
Prepatent period is _______.

Why do we only deworm for T. leonina once?

Two mechanisms of transmission of Toxascaris leonina parasite:

Toxascaris leonina 
Signs:

Life Cycle of Toxascaris leonina

___________ is the most pathogenic zoonosis (next to Strongyloides) because its larvae continues to grow as they migrate penetrating the CNS causing irreparable damage or even death.

B. procyonis is not a hookworm but is a common roundworm of the raccoon. Eggs are shed ____ for development, infection and intermediate host (___, ____ or ____) and the ____ consumes parenteric host. 
Can undergo ______ migration just like other ascarids with exception of T. leonina. 

__________ - 3rd Most Common Nematode Nickname – ________

Name the Whipworms of
1. _______________ – dog
2. _______________ – cat
3. _______________ – cat
4. _______________ – man, pig, & monkeys 

The irritation to the cecum produces ______.
Trichuris species will cause _____blood in the feces where Ancylostoma causes ____ stool.
Trichuris participated in no __________
All Trichuris eggs, on flotation, are usually mistaken for _________ genus or bladder eggs since they are both operculated.

Prepatent period for Trichuris is ______ from the time the animal consumes the egg.

Life Cycle of Trichuris

Symptoms of Trichuris Cecum Inhabitant

Fecal flotations are used to diagnose trichuris like all the ascarids and ancylostoma; however, trichuris eggs are ______and thus require a flotation medium with a specific gravity of at least _____ in order to get the eggs to float to the top.
______ is the choice if we suspect trichuris

Treatment of Trichuris

Taxonomy Strongyloides
Phylum: 
Order: 
Family:

Strongyloides live in the mucosa of the anterior half of the ________ in dogs, cats, foxes and man. They also cause the production of ________. Why?

List the 3 types of Strongyloides in order of most pathogenic to least pathogenic.

Intestinal Threadworms
_____________ in cow,
_____________ in horse
_________ in the dog.
_________ in the cat

Micronema species are part of the ____________ family like the Genus Strongyloides and are common in horses invading the CNS on occasion. 

Strongyloides live in the anterior half of the small intestines but produce bright blood due to the 

Strongyloides stercoralis - This rhabditiform larvae was diagnosed using the _______ also called the _____________. Larvae were found in 5 of the 7 puppies in this litter using this technique.

Which parasites produce bright red stool?

Which parasites produce dark tarry stool?

Which parasites exit the host as a larvae?

Which parasites inhabit the:
SI
Cecum

Which parasites have visceral migration in their life cycle?

Which parasites have only mucosal migration in their life cycle

Which parasites are incriminated as primary zoonotic (public health) problems?

Cutaneous larvae migrans in humans

Which parasites can penetrate the skin?

Which parasites can use a direct life cycle and indirect life cycle?

Which parasite 1st stage larvae becomes infective?

Lungworms:
Order – 
Family - 
Genus -

Eucoleus aerophila “the fox lungworm” is the lungworm of the dog and fox. The can be oviparous, pass larvae, use a direct life cycle or an indirect life cycle utilizing an earthworm referred to as a ___________

Other Capillaria:
_____________ = crop worm poultry     
______= inflammation of mucosa in ducks.
The eggs of Eucoleus are _____ and resemble Trichuris

_________ is the lung worm of the cat primarily. Their life cycle is ______living in ______________

Other Lungworms
__________ – not a nematode but a trematode, must be differentiated here as it has a natural host in the _____, although we see it most commonly in the south and in Texas as a parasite of the dog.
______eggs

Review Intermediate Host
___________– earthworm – but it doesn’t have to have host – could be both
__________– molluscs (could be snail)
__________– crayfish
__________– do not require intermediate host - if they did it would be a snail

___________ – stomach worm of cats
___________ – stomach worm of dogs

Life Cycle of Physaloptera - Indirect parasite,
Intermediate host -

________ - The “Eyeworm” of dogs, sheep, deer, cattle and cats

_______(the house fly) and ______(the face fly) are mechanical host flies that transmit this larvae or eggs from eye to eye.

Life Cycle of Dirofilaria Immitis

Life Cycle of the Spirocerca lupi

What is the prepatent period for Spirocerca lupi?

List three areas that you will find migrating Spirocerca lupi