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Disadvantages of Punishment (4)
- doesn't extinguish undesired behaviour, just suppresses it and will continue when punishment is removed
- P labels behaviour unacceptable but doesn't develop acceptable behaviours
- Person punished feels hostile towards punisher, may need to retaliate/avoid punisher
- Punishment leads to aggression, physical punishment becomes model of agressive behaviour by doing it to solve problems
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Making punishment more effective (5)
- Done during misbehaviour or straight after - interrupting is best
- Minimum severity, but equal to behaviour
- Applied consistently
- Presented with reinforcement to show good behaviour
- Involving loss of privileges rather than physical
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Fixed ratio (4)
- number of reinforces received depends on response rate
- Very high response rate
- higher the ratio, greater resistance to extinction
- brief pause after reinforcement when ratio is very high
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Variable ratio (4)
- reinforcer given after varying number of non-reinforced responses
- Most resistance to extinction
- highest response rate
- constant response pattern, no pauses
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Fixed interval (4)
- Specific period of time must pass before reinforced
- lowest response rate
- long pause after reinforcement followed by gradual acceleration
- greater interval, greater resistance to extinction
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Variable interval (4)
- Reinforcer given after first correct response following a varied time of non-reinforced responses based on average time
- Moderate response rate
- Stable response rate
- more resistance to extinction than FI with same average interval
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Biological factors of learning
biological predispositions and brain structures and neurochemistry
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Basic Process factors of learning
- universal psychological processes eg those associated with CC and OC
- Most learning associated with BP
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Person factors of learning
Combo of influences and experiences make people approach learning differently, interests in some learning tasks/reserves of prior learning
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Socio-cultural factors of learning
influences from 'interpersonal interactions eg relationships, cultural norms, social expectations
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Learning is a change at the _______ that links _________
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Repeated experience makes ________ release _______ more freely. _______ becomes sensitive and easily stimulated
- pre-synaptic neuron
- neuro-transmitters
- post-synaptic
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______ is central to acquisition and ______ of learning. Damaged _______ = _________
- Hippocampus
- consolidation
- hippocampus
- unable to learn new information
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What is habituation?
- The process of getting used to something.
- The tendency to have a decreased response to a stimulus
- eg getting used to a bright coloured wall
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Implicit/latent learning (3)
- happens when we are not aware of the learning process
- much of the social learning we do is latent learning
- eg have learnt song lyrics without trying
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Learning through insight
- the spontaneous combination of a number of isolated experiences to produce a new behaviour to gain desired result
- eg humans putting known info and past experiences together to solve a problem/achieve a goal
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What is high order conditioning?
- When two conditioned stimuli are presented together, pos/neg from run is transferred to the other
- eg politician with sports star
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Explain the difference between reinforcement and punishment (sentence)
Reinforcement strengthens the tendency to perform a behaviour, punishment weakens the tendency to perform a behaviour
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Define 'preparedness'
a species-specific predisposition to be conditioned in certain ways not others
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