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draw a diagram of a volcano
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super-volcano eruptions can equal the force of ...... Hiroshima bombs exploding every second
1000
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the worlds last super-volcano eruption occurred in
Indonesia 74,000 years ago
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give an example of a supervolcano
Yellowstone National Park , NW USA , is an example of a super-volcano
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super-volcano eruptions are large enough to
affect almost everybody on Planet Earth for example airports all over the world would likely have to shut down as planes and runways would probably get covered in volcanic ash
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a super-volcano is
a volcano that erupts with a massive volume of material 100km3 of magma
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compared to a regular volcano this is huge as Mt St Helens , USA erupted
less than 1km3 when it violently erupted in 1980
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differences between SV's and Volcanoes
- 1) power/size of eruption
- 2) shape
- 3) location
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magnitude - SV's are more ... than regular volcanoes , erupting lots more .... , .... & .... . The eruptions are less ..... but when they do erupt , are much more .... & .... ..... . They can have an impact on our entire planet
- powerful
- magma , ash & gas
- frequent
- dangerous & last longer
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shape - unlike regular volcanoes SV's do NOT have a distinct ..... shape . They cover such a ..... .... with so many .... & ..... that it is impossible to see them without a satellite . in fact SV's main feature is a huge ...... ..... filled with ......
- cone
- wide area
- peaks & vents
- underground chamber
- magma
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location - unlike regular volcanoes SV's are NOT distributed in ..../.... on ..... ..... ..... . SV's are ..... i.e. on ..... .... as they are located above ..... ....
- strips/clusters
- tectonic plate boundaries
- isolated
- their own
- HOT SPOTS
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explain how a super-volcano forms at a hotspot using a diagram
- 1) magma rises up through cracks in the crust to form a large magma basin below the surface . the pressure of the magma causes a circular bulge on the surface several km wide
- 2) the bulge eventually cracks , creating vents for lava to escape through . The lava erupts out of the vents causing earthquakes and sending up gigantic plumes of ash and rock
- 3) as the magma basin empties , the bulge is no longer supported so it collapses - spewing up more lava
- 4) when the eruption is finished there's a big crater (called a caldera) left where the bulge collapsed . sometimes these get filled with water to form a large lake , e.g. lake Toba in Indonesia
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list some global consequences of a super volcano
1) ash will shoot kilometres into the air and block out almost all daylight over whole continents . this will cause global temperatures to decrease by 5-15 degrees centigrade this can trigger mini ice ages as less heat energy from the sun gets to earth a large percentage of the world's plant life would be killed by the ash and drop in temperature. Also, virtually the entire of the grain harvest of the Great Plains would disappear in hours, as it would be coated in ash. Similar effects around the world would cause massive food shortages which will cause many deaths and humans may become extinct .
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explain where fold mountains are formed
- when tectonic plates collide the sedimentary rocks that have been built up between them are folded and forced upwards to form mountains
- so fold mountains are formed at destructive plate margins and places where there used to be destructive margins e.g. the west coast of America
- You can get fold mountains where a continental plate and oceanic plate collide e.g. the Andes in South America
- you can also get fold mountains where two continental plates collide e.g. the Himalayas in Asia
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explain the formation of fold mountains
- rivers deposited huge quantities of sediments in depressions called geosynclines
- over millions of years the sediments were compressed into sedimentary rock such as sandstone and limestone
- the plates moved together at a destructive plate margin forcing the sedimentary rock upwards into a series of folds
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deposition
material that has been dropped somewehere
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geosyncline
ocean/sea basin
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sedimentary rock
a rock made of layers of smaller particles
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compressional plate boundary
= destructive plate boundary - a tectonic plate boundary where the tectonic plates move together
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fold mountain areas have lots of
very high mountains , which are very rocky with steep slopes . There is often snow and glaciers in the highest parts and lakes and valleys between the mountains . The vegetation is often sparse
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fold mountains are
huge uplifted sections of sedimentary rock originally formed on ancient ocean floor areas called geosynclines, so fold mountains often have fossilised remains of ancient sea creatures in them . fold mountains occur in long strips or belts , known as ranges . the ranges often have volcanoes piercing through them
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earth's recent mountain building phases (in the last 50 million years or so) have created
"young fold mountains" which are still rising by about 4cm per year
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examples of young fold mountains are the :
- Alps
- Rockies
- Himalayas
- Andes
- Pyrenees
- Caucasus
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what is the highest mountain in the world
Mt Everest 8848m which is part of the Himalayas fold mountain range
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land use in fold mountains areas is difficult because of
the steep relief , difficult climate , limited transport and infrastructure and also there is a lack of potential markets
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but the five main types of land use that do exist are
- farming
- HEP
- mining
- forestry
- tourism
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when were the Alps formed
30-40 million years ago
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where are the alps
they are the border between France , Italy , Switzerland and Germany
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the highest peak of the alp is
Mount Blanc in France it is 4810m
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the alps is the source of Europe's major rivers
the Rhine and the Rhone
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the alps have lots of glacial landforms
- a pyramidal peak : The Matterhorn in Switzerland
- a U shaped glacial valley : Rhone Valley
- ribbon lakes : Lakes Como and Garda
- the Alps also have many corries and arretes
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a major problem for people created by fold mountains is
accessibility meaning that transport and communication is difficult
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there are accessibility problems because
the mountains are very steep and high and there is virtually no flat land
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a good example of difficult communication in the Alps is
the steep , twisting and winding road called ST Gotthard Pass , in the Alps between Switzerland and Italy . Travel on this road is frequently disrupted by rock falls , avalanches and bad weather
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the St Gotthard Road Tunnel a (tunnel through the Alps) was opened in
1980 as a better alternative to the Gotthard Pass
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The Gotthard Road Tunnel over ..... miles long is the .... longest road tunnel in the world and the longest in the Alps . It cost .... and took .... to build
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what are the advantages of the tunnel
it is quicker than the old pass as it is straighter and does not get affected by snow or ice or avalanches or rock falls
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what are the disadvantages of the tunnel
although it is generally safer than the twisty mountain roads disasters can sometimes happen e.g. the Mount Blanc tunnel fire of 1999 . This killed 39 people and the tunnel had to close for 3 years while investigations and safety checks and updates were carried out
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plans have now been made to
add to The Gotthard Road Tunnel with a new rail tunnel called St Gotthard Base Tunnel
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St Gotthard Base Tunnel will be
the longest railway tunnel in the world linking Switzerland with Italy
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it will take .... years of planning and .... years of construction
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it will be finished in
2017
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it will be ....km long
57
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it will take ....million passengers a year
6.5
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it will take ....million tons of cargo a year
49
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its aim is
to reduce traffic in the road tunnel which has increased 12 fold in 25 years
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it will cost £..... million
4
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