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4 parts of skeletal system
- 1. Bones
- 2. Joints
- 3. Cartilages
- 4. Ligaments
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2 Divisions of skeleton
- 1. Axial - Core
- 2. Appendicular - Appendages
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Functions of bones
- 1. Support
- 2. Protection
- 3. Movement
- 4. Storage of minerals and fats
- 5. Blood Cell Formation
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How many bones in the body?
206
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2 Types of bones
- 1. Compact - Homogeneous
- 2. Spongy
- - small needle-like pieces
- - many open spaces
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4 classifications of bones
- 1. Long bone
- 2. Short bone
- 3. Flat bone
- 4. Irregular bone
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Describe long bone and example
- - longer than wide
- - shaft with heads at both ends
- - contain mostly compact bone
- - example...femur, humerus
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Describe short bone with example
- - cube-shaped
- - contain mostly spongy bone
- - example...carpals, tarsals
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Describe flat bone with example.
- - thin and flattened
- - usually curved
- - thin layers of compact bone around a layer of spongy bone
- - example...skull, ribs, sternum, clavical
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Describe irregular bone with example.
- - irregular shape
- - do not fit into other bone class
- - example...vertebrae, hip
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Diaphysis
- The shaft of the bone.
- Composed of compact bone.
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Epiphysis
- Ends of the bone.
- Mostly spongy bone.
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Articular cartilage
- covers the external surface of the epiphyses.
- decreases friction at joint surface.
- also provides protection and support.
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Epephyseal plates
- Allow for growth of long bone during childhood.
- New cartilage is continuously formed.
- Older cartilage becomes ossified.
- Cartilage is broken down.
- Bone replaces cartilage.
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3 types of bone cells.
- 1. Osteocytes
- 2. Osteoblasts
- 3. Osteoclasts
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Osteocytes
mature bone cells
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Osteoblasts
bone-forming cells
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Osteoclasts
- Bone-destroying cells.
- Break down bone matrix for remodeling and release of calcium.
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Bone fracture
A break in a bone.
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2 Types of bone fractures.
1. Closed (simple) fracture - does not penetrate the skin.
2. Open (Compound) fracture - penetrates the skin.
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Comminuted fracture
Bone breaks into many pieces.
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Compression fracture
Bone is crushed.
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Depressed fracture
Broken bone portion is pressed inward.
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Impacted fracture
Broken bone ends are forced into each other.
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Spiral fracture
- Ragged break occurs when excessive twisting forces are applied to a bone.
- Common in sports.
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Greenstick fracture
- Bone breaks incompletely, much in the way a green twig breaks.
- Mostly happens to small children
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Hyoid bone
- Located in midneck region.
- Only bone that does not articulate with another bone.
- Serves as a moveable base for the tongue.
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How many bones in the vertebrae? Regions?
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What are the 5 regions of the spine?
- 1. Cervical region - 7 vertebrae
- 2. Thoracic region - 12 vertebrae
- 3. Lumbar region - 5 vertebrae
- 4. Sacrum region - 5 fused vertebrae
- 5. Coccyx region - 4 fused vertebrae
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The vertebrae is seperated by what?
intervertebral discs
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The first cervical vertebrae is called?
atlas
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The second cervical vertebrae is called?
axis
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Sternum
Flat bone located between the ribs.
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ribs
- flat bones
- the first 7 are true ribs attached to the sternum
- 8 - 12 ribs are called false ribs, not attached to sternum
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Pectoral (Shoulder) Girdle
- Includes clavical and scapula
- allows upper limbs to have free movement
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Clavical
Also called the collarbone, flat bone
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Scapula
Also called the shoulder blade, flat bone
- Bony landmark - spine on scapula
- Above the spine, muscles are called superior
- Below the spine, muscles are called inferior
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Humerus
- Long bone
- Located from shoulder to elbow
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Ulna
- Forearm
- Pinky side of arm
- Medial in anatomical position
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Radius
- Forearm
- Thumb side
- Lateral in anatomical position
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Bones located in the hand.
- Carpals - wrist
- Metacarpals - hand
- Phalanges - fingers
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Carpals
- 1. Scaphoid - snuff box
- 2. Hamate - vibration break
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Total weight of upper body rests on what?
Pelvis
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Pelvis bones protect what organs?
- Reproductive organs
- Urinary bladder
- Part of the large intestine
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Femur
- thigh bone
- long bone
- head - ball at the end
- neck - connects head to bone
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What is the longest, largest, and strongest bone?
Femur
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Fibula
- smaller bone in lower leg
- on the outside
- does not bear weight
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Bones located in the foot
- Tarsals - ankle
- Metatarsals - foot
- Phalanges - toes
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- A. Calcaneus
- B. Talus
- C. Cuboid
- D. Navicular
- E. 3rd cuneiform
- F. 2nd cuneiform
- G. 1st cueiform
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Three strong arches of foot
- 2 longitudinal - medial and lateral
- 1 transverse
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Functions of joints
- Holds bones together
- Allows mobility
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Gliding joint
- zero axis of rotation
- example...bones of vertebrae
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Hinge joints
- 1 axis of rotation
- example...elbow and knee
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Pivot joints
- 1 axis of rotation
- screw/rotation motion
- example...axis and atlas
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Condyloid joint
- 2 axis of rotation
- wrist movement
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Saddle joint
- 2 axis of rotation
- example...thumb
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Ball and socket joint
- 3 axis of rotation
- fitting together
- example...pelvis, hip, shoulder
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Bursae
- fluidfilled sac to lubricate joint
- lined with synovial membranes
- filled with synovial fluid
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Bursitis
Inflammation of bursa, caused by blow or friction.
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Tendonitis
Inflammation of tendon sheaths
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Arthritis
Inflammation of joints, or degenerative disease
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Osteoarthritis
- Most common chronic arthritis
- Probably related to normal aging process
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Rheumatoid arthritis
- autoimmune disease
- bilateral inflammation of certain joints
- often leads to deformities
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At birth, the skull bones are .
incomplete
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Bones are joined by fibrous membranes called .
fontanelles
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Fontanelles are completely replaced with bone within after birth.
2 years
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