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grapheme
smallest part of written language
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onset
- initial consonant sound of a syllable
- ex: sw- in the onset of swim
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rime
- part of a syllable that contains the vowel and all that follows it
- ex: -im is the rime of swim
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phoneme identity
recognize the same sounds in different words
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phoneme blending
- combining phonemes to create a word
- students can read and write word
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phoneme deletion
recognizing the word that remains when a phoneme is deleted/removed
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teaching phonemic awareness, particularly how to segment words into phonemes, helps children learn...
how to spell
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what is the heart of phonemic instruction?
relating sounds to letters
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systematic and explicit phonics instruction is most effective when...(2)
- introduced early
- taught to children from various social and economic levels
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systematic and explicit phonics significantly improves...(2)
- k&1st word recognition and spelling
- children's reading comprehension
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whole-word or meaning-based reading programs pay limited attention to...(2)
- letter-sound relationships
- how to blend letters to pronounce words
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fluency is the bridge between ...
word recognition and comprehension
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what substantially improves reading fluency, word recognition, speed, and accuracy?
- repeated oral reading
- w/guidance and feedback
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what two exercise methods help improve reading fluency?
- students should hear models of fluent reading
- students should read orally from a text they can easily master
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vocabulary is important for (3) things
- communicating effectively
- learning how to read
- reading comprehension
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how do children learn the meanings of most words?
- indirectly
- through everyday experiences by reading or hearing language
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three ways that children learn word meanings indirectly:
- children engage in oral language daily
- children listen to adults read to them
- children read extensively on their own
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before reading, what helps students vocabulary and reading comprehension?
teaching them new specific words so they understand them when they reach them in the new text
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word-learning strategies (3)
- knowing how to use dictionaries, thesauruses, and other reference aids
- knowing how to use info about word parts to figure out the word's meaning (affixes, root word, base word, etc.)
- how to use context clues to determine word meaning
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Good readers are: (2)
- purposeful - have a purpose for reading..whether its to learn a new skill or for entertainment or for a course req.
- active - think actively using their experiences and knowledge to help them make sense of the text
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"thinking about thinking" or thinking about and having control over their reading is categorized as...
metacognition
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knowing when you understand what you read and what you did not understand is categorized as...
comprehension monitoring
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using what type of comprehension strategy do students have greater appreciation, understanding, and memory for stories...?
recognizing story structure
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A synthesis of the important ideas in a text is called...
a summary
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comprehension strategies are direct and typically include...(4)
- direct explanation
- modeling
- guided practice
- application
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cooperative learning involves students...
working together as partners or in small groups on clearly defined tasks helping each other learn and comprehend
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the following are what kind of strategies:
ask questions about the text
summarize parts of text
clarify words and sentences not understood
predict what might occur next in the text
comprehension strategies used in reciprocal teaching
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vgotsky believed
- thought and language are not coordinated during the sensorimotor and preoperational stages
- birth to age 6..thought and language develop independently
- before age 6 or 7 language is primarily functional
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piaget is known for his four developmental stages:
- (1) sensorimotor
- (2) preoperational
- (3) concrete operational
- (4) formal operational
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what are the building blocks of language?
morphemes
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what is the study of logical or grammatical structure of sentences?
syntax
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what is the study of the meaning of language?
semantics
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what is the study of how diff contexts and social setting impact the way language is used?
pragmatics
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what is the study of longer spoken and written discourses such as verbal exchanges or written texts?
discourse analysis
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norm-referenced tests are designed to ...
- compare students
- ex: Intelligence tests (IQ)
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criterion-referenced tests are designed to...
- determine the degree to which an objective has been reached
- ex: teacher-made tests
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SES stands for...
socioeconomic status
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what describes the subject or tells what that subject is doing?
a sentence
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what the subject is doing is called?
predicate
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every predicate has a _____?
verb
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a clause contains a ____ and a _____
subject and verb
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what frequently begins with prepositions?
dependent clause
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what's another name for a dependent clause?
subordinate clause
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what begins with a relative pronoun?
relative clause
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of which, that, which, who, whoever, whose
are all examples of what part of speech?
relative pronoun
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when do you use the objective form? (me, us, him, her, etc)
- when the pronoun is the object of a verb or preposition
- ex: she wanted them to pass
- ex: Cathy helps him and me.
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adverbs modify what?
- verbs, adj, and adverbs
- ex: Ryan quickly sought a solution
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a comma splice consists of two...
independent cause joined by just a comma
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good dictions conveys a ...
thought clearly without unnecessary words
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when two or more ideas are connected, as a _____ structure
parallel
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Who was among the first writers to popularize the view that children were not just small adults?
jean rousseau
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children's literature didn't exist until...
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children's lit originally conveyed what?
a religious or moral message
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define epic
a very long narrative poem
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define lyric
- related to an epic
- shorter than an epic
- presents profound feelings or ideas
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lyric poems were called ______ when sung by French troubadours
rondeaus
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define novel
depicts characters in a plot
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when did the modern novel develop? what were the strong popular themes?
- 1800s
- historical and social themes
- allegorical
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a literary device in which characters or events in a literary, visual, or musical art form represent or symbolize ideas and concepts...
allegory
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american novels in the early 1900s focused on...
give an example...
- social ills
- ex: The Grapes of Wrath
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define alliteration
repetition of an initial consonant
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human body or human qualities given to nonhuman things is what literary term?
anthropomorphism
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define connotation
the secondary meanings that a word represents
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define denotation
actual meaning of a word
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when an inoffensive term is substituted for one that is lass offensive...
euphemism
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when a drastic overstatement or understatement is used...
hyperbole
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arguing a person to discredit their position, rather than arguing against the position itself
ad hominem
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an argument that appeals to the emotions of the person
ad populum
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assuming that an argument is true without providing truth
begging the question
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a conclusion that doesn't logically follow from the facts
non sequitur
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falsely stating that one event following another is cause by the first event (false cause and effect)
post hoc, ergo propter hoc
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an irrelevant point, diverting attention from the position being discussed
red herring
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what typically has a plot, a setting, characters, and a narrator to tell the story and often tries to make some point that goes beyond the story itself?
prose fiction
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