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What is a group?
- A set of individuals who share
- Direct interactions with each other over a period of time
- Joint membership in social category
- Shared common goal, fate or identity
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Collective
People engaged in common activities but minimal direct interaction
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Why do we join groups?
Need to belong, define ourselves, protection, others to accomplish goal
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Groups described in terms of
Roles, Norms, cohesiveness
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Group development
Forming, storming, norming, performing, adjourning
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Interpersonal cohesiveness
Enjoyment of one another's company
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Task cohesiveness
Commitment to the group's task
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Triplett
Cyclists performed better when racing
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Zajonc
- Extended Triplett
- People have trouble when being watched if the tasks were novel
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Zajonc Solution
- Increased arousal
- Dominant response
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Social facilitation
The presence of others enhances performance on easy tasks but impairs difficult
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Mere presence theory
The presence of others is enough to produce social facilitation
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Evaluation apprehension theory
Presence of others produce social facilitation only if they evaluate you
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Distraction conflict theory
The presence of others produce social facilitation only when they distract you from task
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Social loafing
A group produced reduction in individual output on easy tasks where contributions are pooled
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Free-rider effect
- Our contribution is not essential
- Low input, high output
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Sucker effect
- Willing to do your share but not more
- Minimum requirement
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When our contributions are identified
- Raises arousal
- Results in social facilitation
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When our contributions cannot be identified
- Decreased arousal
- Results in social loafing
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When is social loafing less likely
- Individual performance is evaluated
- Task is meaningful
- Performers believe their own efforts are needed for success
- Punishment for poor performance
- Small group
- Cohesive group: membership is valuable and members like each other
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Deindividuation
The loss of a person's individuality and the reduction of normal constraints against deviant behavior
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Groupthink
A group decision making style characterized by an excessive tendency among group members to seek agreement
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Symptoms of groupthink
- Overestimating right and might
- Members become closed-minded
- Pressures toward uniformity
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Reducing groupthink
- Consult with outsiders
- Leader should encourage criticism
- Be impartial
- Encourage critical evaluation
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Group polarization
Exaggeration through group discussion on initial tendencies in the thinking of group mmbers
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Process loss
The reduction in group performance due to obstacles created by group processes (motivation, coordination)
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Factors that reduce effectiveness of brainstorming
- Production blocking: wait for turn
- Free riding: less motivation to work
- Evaluation apprehension: hesitant
- Performance matching: work only as hard as see others working
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Escalation effects
Group more likely to escalate commitment even if failing
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Social dilemmas
Situations in which a self interested choice by everyone creates the worst outcome for everyone
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Resource dilemma
- Social dilemmas concerning how two or more people share a limited resource
- Commons dilemma: does not replenish when taken
- Public goods dilemma: public broadcasting, blood donation
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Prisoner's dilemma
Tit for tat
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Integrative agreement
- Negotiated resolution where all parties obtain outcomes that are superior to a 50-50 split
- Sisters orange, juice, peel
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