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What is external respiration?
Process of gas exchange in lungs.
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What is Cellular Respiration?
Use of o2 in cellular metabolism and production of Co2 as gaseous waste.
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What is sinusitis?
- Inflammation of the sinuses blocking pathway; due to bacterial infection.
- Sinusitis is also one of the most common mediacl problems that affects approximately 30% of the population.
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What is Bronchodilation?
- An increase in the diameter of the bronchi.
- Can be stimulated by the sympathetic nervous system
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What is Bronchoconstriction?
- A decrease in the diameter of the bronchi.
- Parasympathetic activity
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What is the Alveoli?
Microscopic air sacs of the lungs, each is covered with a blood capillary.
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What is pulmonary ventilation?
Breathing
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What is Apnea?
Short absence of breathing
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What is COPD?
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Includes chronic bronchitis and emphysema.
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What kind of drug is Acetylcysteine? And what does it do?
- It is a Mucolytic Drug
- Reduces the thickness and stickiness of purulent and nonpurulent secretions. Indicated as adjunct treatment of thick or abnormal mucus in bronchopulmonary diseases.
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What is a cause of sinusitis?
Anatomical obstruction
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When dealing with sinusitis, what is bad about built up mucus?
It can provide an excellent growth medium for bacterial, fungal, or viral growth
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What is the treatment for sinusitis?
- Trimethorprim & Sulfamethoxazole
- For group A streptococcal infections & patients allergic to PCN
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What is Asthma?
A chronic lung disorder that can be very life threatening. Characterized by the swelling of the bronchial tissue restricting the air passages.
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What are some of the triggers of asthma?
Allergies are the most common, exercise, stress and or anxiety.
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What are the different types of asthma?
- Mild to moderate
- Severe
- Second Wave - this type occurs even though the asthma attack has stopped. Can last for days or even weeks.
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What are the complications of asthma?
Untreated or uncontrolled asthma can lead to serious conditions such as congestive pulmonary disease, lung cancer, and damaged lung tissue.
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Explain avoidance of known allergenic triggers.
Can result in an improvement in symptoms, a reduction of medications, and a decrease in bronchial hyperreactivity.
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What kind of agonists is a bronchodilator?
B₂ Agonists are the most effective bronchodilators available
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Themphylline is what kind of drug and how is it effective?
- It is a methylxanthine
- Only when taken orally or parenterally, NOT as an aerosol.
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What is a major side effect of Theophylline?
Gastroesophageal reflux
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What kind of antagonist is zileuton?
Leukotriene Antagonists
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What are the side effects of zileuton?
Flu like symptoms, fatigue, lethargy, pruritus, upper right quadrant pain and jaundice
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What kind of drug in cromolyn sodium?
Prophylactic asthmatic drug
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What is cromolyn sodium indicated for?
Prophylaxis of chronic mild to moderate asthma and is the second drug of choice for the prevention of exercise induced asthma.
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What is the MOA of Corticosteroids?
Mechanism of action of glucocorticoids in asthma may include; inhibiting the inflammatory response at all levels.
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What are the 3 chronic lung diseases?
Chronic bronchitis, emphysema, and COPD
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What are the three types of influenza and explain the difference?
- Type A - Usually responsible for the large widespread outbreaks that occur
- Type B - Not as widespread, comes from a stable virus
- Type C - mild illness, similar to common cold
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What are the 2 antivirals for influenza?
- Amantadine - appears to block uncoating of the influenza A virus and release of the viral nucleic acid into host respiratory cells.
- Oseltamivir - Treatment with oseltamivir should be started within 2 days of the beginning of flud symptoms to be evective
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What is Pneumonia also known as?
- Pneumonitis
- Bronchopneumonia
- Nosocomial pneumonia
- Walking pneumonia
- Double pneumonia
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What is Pneumonia?
Inflammation of the lungs caused by a virus, bacteria or other organism
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What are the bacterial causes of pneumonia?
- Bacterial
- Staphylococcus aureus
- Hemophilus influenzae - the most common gram-negative bacteria and usually acquired in hospital setting.
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What are the viral causes of pneumonia?
- Influenza and RSV - most common
- Herpes simples virus 1 & 2
- Herpes Varicella-zoster
- Adenovirus
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What type of pneumonia is Mycoplasma pneumonia?
It is atypical pneumonia and is the most commonly seen non-bacterial infection
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Name some causes of pneumonia?
- Aspiration - Caused by the inhalation of oral bacteria or vomitus into the lungs
- Opportunistic - Pneumocystic carinii (PCP), Those at risk include HIV/AIDS.
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What are the risk factors for Pneumonia?
- Age
- Those in intensive care, confinement to bed
- Smoking and pollutants
- Drugs and alcohol
- Medical conditions
- Dormitory or confinement
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What is the treatment of viral pneumonia?
Ribavirin (Virazole)
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Who should have the pneumonia vaccine?
- Adults and children over the age of 2 years of age
- Individuals at high risk of morbidity and mortality from pneumococcal infections, patients with a chronic disease.
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How do they test for tuberculosis?
They test using a Purified Protein Derivative (PPD) injected under the skin. If it reads positive, they do a chest x-ray, if that comes back positive they do a sputum culture.
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What is the treatment for TB?
A four drug initial regimen of INH, rifampin, pyrazinamide and ethambutol (or streptomycin)
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What are the side effects of Isoniazid (INH)
Peripheral neuritis - can be prevented by addition of pyridoxine
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What are the warnings and dosage forms of Rifampin?
- There have been fatalities associated with jaundice in patients with liver disease, hepatotoxic
- Capsules and power for injection.
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What are the warnings of Streptomycin Aminoglcoside?
- Use with caution in patients with renal impairment.
- Use with caution in patients taking other nephrotoxic drugs.
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