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Hypothesis
Possible explanation for a problem using what is known and what is discovered
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Independent Variable
Factor that as it changes affects the measure of another variable
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Dependent Variable
Its value changes according to the changes in other variables
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Control
Standard by which the test results can be compared
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Theory
An explanation of things or events based on knowledge gained from many observations and investigations
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Scientific Law
A statement about what happens in nature and that seems to be true all the time
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Reactant
Starting substances that react
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Products
the new products produced
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Chemical Reaction
A change where one or more substances are converted into new substances
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Coefficients
Represents the number of units each substance taking part in a reaction
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Balanced Chemical Equation
A chemical equation with the same number of atoms of each element on both sides of the arrow
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Combustion Reaction
Occurs when a substance reacts with oxygen to produce energy in the form of heat and light
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Synthesis Reaction
- Two or more substances combine to form another substance
- A+B=AB
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Decomposition Reaction
- separation of a substance into two or more substances that may differ from each other and from the original substance
- AB-> A+B
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Single-Displacement Reaction
A+BC->AC+B
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Double-Displacement Reaction
Takes place if a precipitate, gas, or a gas forms when two ionic compounds in a solution are combined
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exergonic reactions
Chemical reaction that releases energy
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exothermic reaction
energy given off primarily in the form of thermal energy
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endergonic reaction
More energy is required to break bonds than is released when new ones are formed
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Endothermic Reaction
more energy is required to break bonds than is released when new ones are formed
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Endothermic Reaction
When energy is needed to keep a reaction going is in the form of thermal energy
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Collision Model
States that atoms, ions, and molecules must collide in order to react
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Acid
substance that produces hydrogen ions in a solution
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base
a substance that produces hydroxide ions when dissolved in water
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pH
Measure of the concentration of H+ ions in solution
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hydroxide ion
contained in most bases
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hydronium ion
interacts with water molecules in acids
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-Taste: Sour
-Some can damage tissue by producing painful burns
-Corrosive
-React strongly with certain metals
Common In:
-Citrus Fruits
-Yogurt and buttermilk
-Produced in muscles during high
level of exercise
-Sulfuric, Phosphoric, Nitric, and
hydrochloric
Properties of Acids
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Taste: Bitter
-Slippery
-Crystalline Solids
-Chemical Burns
-Corrosive
-React strongly with certain metals
Common In:
-Citrus Fruits
- Cleaning Products
Properties of Bases
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Catalyst
Substance that speeds up a chemical reaction without being permanently changed itself
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Distance
the length an object travels, measured in SI units
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Displacement
the distance and direction of the objects change in position
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Speed
Distance traveled in X amount of time
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Instantaneous Speed
Instant increase in speed
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