Microbiology Exam 3

Protozoa

Sarcodina

Mastigophora

3: Ciliata

(4th most common protozoan infection) is a food/waterborne
diseases caused by ENTAMOEBA HISTOLYITICA,one of 1000 protists w/o mitochondria but two nuclei, ingested cysts hatch into trophozoites in the intestine,
trophozoites produces pore toxin that lyse epithelial cells of the intestinal
lining causing ulceration and bloody diarrhea(Dysentery) Treatment:
METRONIDAZOLE: BLOCKS DNA repair enzymes, work in anaerobic condition

is caused by Giradia Lamblia. Mitosomes indstead of mictochondria, adhesive
disc(trophozoite), 2nd to E.Coli as the most common source of
chronic dirrahea picked up by traveling, found in97% of the surface water,
beavers and muskrats are the primary reservoirs, problem in daycare center and
among gay men. Cysts are food and waterborne and microbes attaches to the
lining of the small intestine with its adhesive disc, incubation is
12-20days,heavy infestation can cause inflammation that inhibits the absorption
of nutrient, Symptoms include: fever, cramps, diarrhea, nausea and weight loss:
Treatment:METRONIDAZOLE

zoonosis(transmitted from animal to humans) caused by
Trypanosoma brucie, is a re-emerging disease due to the abandonment of control
measure, is transmitted via the tsetse fly, initially invades the circulator
system and untimely invades the CNS. The microbes evade the immune system by
repeatedly altering the proteins on its surface, forcing immune system to work
hard and produce new antibodies. Symptoms : progressive disorientation, slurred
speech, loss of muscle control, coma

Antelelopes(reservoir)-> Tsetes fly(Vector) -> human(reservoir)-> spread

since 1982 the beginning of the AIDS epidemic, it has become a leading cause of diarrhea diease by protozoa in the world. Transmitted via fecal/oral routed from puppies, livestock, deer…etc is comused as an oocyst which releases sporozoites in the intestines. Sporozoites infect the epithelial cells of the intestinal lining and generate merozotoie. Severe water diarrhea. Opportunistic in immunocompromised victims(Young/AIDS), A large outbreak in Milwaukee in 1993 infected 370,000 people

1.most common and widespred,reproduces within the widest range of temperature
2. continues relapses: dormant liver stage
3.duffy negative mutation protects 95% of Africans-blocks receptors on RBC, parasites can’t enter
4.1955 Global eradication program began: 1)DDT. Reduce mosquito habitats, drugs(cholorquine)2)By end of 20^th century, banished from ½ of its 19^th century domain

1. not widespread, require more warmth
2.no relapses- DIE OR RECOVER
3.sickle cell trait mutation 1)Heterozygous people protected from falciparum 2)Homozygous people die of Sickle cell anemia 3)Highest prevalence in West Africa (25% of pop)
4.Eradication program never ON Africa 1)80/90% of infections in Africa 2) 90% of deaths in Africa(falciparum) 3)population growth has increased exposure by 300%
5.Plasmodium Falciparum makes up largest number of infection
6.HIV infection increases malarial deaths and Malaria increase HIV load

House the core of the virus, provides protection
and a way to transmit the viral core to ta host cell, is composed of on or more
proteins, often arranged in capsomere

generate isometric, cubic, polyhedral or
icosahedra (20 sided figure) capsid

generate cylindrical capsid

have a combination of helical and closed shell
arrangements, head/tails

Nucleic acid genome of the virus that
will have DNA or RNA BUT not both, usually (DNA)double strand in large viruses
that attack animal cells and (RNA)single stranded in a small virus. RNA in
plant virus.

Bilayered memebrane composed of phospholipid, protein,and carbohydrate

May project glycoprotein spikes(viruse
are identify by specific spikes).

H or Hemgglutin spikes

N or neuraminidase spikes

Gp 120 spikes

<![endif]--> caused by CANDIDA ALBICANS. Is normally found in the intestinal tract, but causes

MYCOSES

Yeast

DERMATOPHYTE (RINGWORM)-MOLD Infection

Mold

unicellular/muticeullar eukarya w/o undulipodia or tissues and with cells wall of chitin,are chemoheterotrpohs that require nutrient through exoenzyme,have complex lifecycle that include both sexual/asexual stage

can be unicellular/multicellular, have undulipoida and chloroplast and a cell wall
made of cellulose, plants evolved from green algae

Fansidar cocktail with choloroquine, hospitalization for five days of quinine,
Artemsisin Combination Therapy, Nothing

Symptoms and signs of Plasmodium Falciparum

is a neuraminidase inhibitor that is used to treat people with the flu, are used to stop the relases of flu viruses by blocking their neuraminidase spike.

Blocks binding of hemagglutinin spikes and is effective against influenza A

blocks attachments of HIV to a CCR5 receptor

is a nucleoside mimics that used to treat RNA viral infection (Hepatitis C) and mimics nucleoside that contain either an adenine or guanine

inhibits revers transcriptase in retrovirus;HIV, it is a nucleoside mimic of the
nucleoside that contains thymine, terminates DNA elongation in a fashion similar
to Acyclovir, can penetrate the blood brain barrier and also has affinity for
DNA polymerase; adversely affects host cell replication

integrase inhibitor to block the lysogenize of the host cell DNA

Genital herpes, chickenpox, mononucleosis is ALL type of Herpes