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Connective tissue
tissue that is not exposed outside the body
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Components of connective tissue
- SPG
- Specialized
cells (in blood, bones, cartilage) - Extracellular protein fibers
- Ground substance
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Examples of extracellular protein fibers
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Functions of connective tissue
- Provide support and protection
- Transport materials
- Store mechanical energy reserves
- Perform regulatory functions
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What is a joint?
Where two bones meet
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Types of Structural Joints and examples
- Fibrous (sutures of the skull)
- Cartilaginous (intervertebral disks)
- Synovial (hip, elbow)
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Types of Functional Joints and examples
- Immovable (synarthroses)
- Slightly moveable (amphiarthroses)
- Freely moveable (diarthroses or synovial joints)
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Types of Synovial Joints
- (BC-GH-PS)
- Ball and Socket
- Condyloid
- Gliding
- Hinge
- Pivot
- Saddle
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Example of Ball and Socket joint
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Movements of ball and socket joint
- Circumduction
- rotation
- angular in all planes
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Example of condyloid joint
wrist (radiocarpal)
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Movements of condyloid joint
- circumduction
- abduction
- adduction
- flexion
- extension
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Example of Gliding joint
ankle (subtalar)
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movements of gliding joint
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Movements in hinge joint
flexion and extension in one plane
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Examples of Pivot Joint
Atlas/axis
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Movements of pivot joint
rotation around central axis
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movements of saddle joint
- flexion
- extension
- abduction
- adduction
- circumduction
- opposition
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Characteristics of synovial joints
- Bony surfaces are covered with articular cartilage;
- Surrounding the joint is a fibrous joint capsule;
- Ligaments join bone to bone;
- Inner surfaces of joint cavity are lined with synovial membranes;
- Synovial fluid from the membrane provides lubrication for joint;
- Some contain fibrocarilaginous disks (knee);
- Bursae reduce friction and act as shock absorbers
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Movements of Synovial Joint
- Angular movements
- Circular movements
- Special movements
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Angular movements and examples
- decrease or increase joint angle
- flexion;
- extension;
- hyperextension;
- abduction;
- adduction
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Circular movements and examples
- Occur at joints with rounded surface articulating with the depression of another bone;
- Rotation;
- Circumduction;
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Special movements
- inversion;
- eversion;
- retraction;
- elevation;
- depression
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