arms hanging at the sides with palms facing forward
t/f:
In anatomical position, the body is recumbent (lying down)
False
With regard to the surface anatomy, ___ refers to the division relating to the head, neck, and trunk of the body
axial
the term superficial refers to a structure that is:
toward or at the bodys surface
The ____ plane runs longitudinally and divides the body into right and left parts.
sagittal
The dorsal cavity can be divided into the ____ cavity, which contains the brain, and the ____ cavity, which contains the spinal cord
cranial
vertebral
which organ would you expect to find in the thoracic cavity surrounded by the pericardium?
heart
what are the two major divisions of the body:
axial: relating to the head, neck, and trunk, the axis of the body
appendicular: relating to limbs and their attachments to the axis
name the anterior body landmarks
abdominal
acromial
antebrachial
antecubital
axillary
brachial
buccal
carpal
cephalic
cervical
coxal
crural
digital
femoral
fibular (peroneal)
frontal
hallux
inguinal
mammary
manus
mental
nasal
oral
orbital
palmar
patellar
pedal
pelvic
pollex
public
sternal
tarsal
thoracic
umbilical
posterior body landmarks
acromial
brachial
calcaneal
cephalic
dorsum
femoral
gluteal
lumbar
manus
occipital
olecranal
otic
pedal
perineal
plantar
popliteal
sacral
scapular
sural
vertebral
what region does the abdominal area cover and what is it landmark?
pertaining to the anterior body trunk region inferior to the ribs
what does the acromial area cover and what is its landmark?
pertaining to the point of the shoulder
anterior and posterior landmarks
what does the antebrachial area cover and what is its landmark?
pertaining to the forearm
anterior
what does the antecubital area cover and what is its landmark?
pertaining to the anterior surface of the elbow
what does the axillary area cover and what is its landmark?
pertaining to the armpit
anterior
what does the brachial area cover and what is its landmark?
pertaining to the arm
anterior and posterior
what does the buccal area cover and what is its landmark?
pertaining to the cheek
anterior
what does the carpal area cover and what is its landmark?
pertaining to the wrist
anterior
what does the cephalic area cover and what is its landmark?
pertaining to the head
anterior and posterior
what does the cervical area cover and what is its landmark?
pertaining to the neck region
anterior
what does the coxal area cover and what is its landmark?
pertaining to the hip
anterior
what does the crural area cover and what is its landmark?
pertaining to the leg
anterior
what does the digital area cover and what is its landmark?
pertaining to the fingers or toes
anterior
what does the femoral area cover and what is its landmark?
pertaining to the thigh
anterior and posterior
what does the fibular (peroneal) area cover and what is its landmark?
pertaining to the sides of the leg
anterior
what does the frontal area cover and what is its landmark?
pertaining to the forehead
anterior
what does the hallux area cover and what is its landmark?
pertaining to the great toe
anterior
what does the inguinal area cover and what is its landmark?
pertaining to the groin
anterior
what is the mammary area cover and what is its landmark?
pertaining to the breast
anterior
what does the manus area cover and what is its landmark?
pertaining to the hand
anterior and posterior
what does the mental area cover and what is its landmark?
pertaining to the chin
anterior
what does the nasal area cover and what is its landmark?
pertaining to the nose
anterior
what is the oral area cover and what is its landmark?
pertaining to the mouth
anterior
what does the orbital area cover and what is its landmark?
pertaining to the bony eye socket (orbit)
anterior
what does the patellar area cover and what is its landmark?
pertaining to the anterior knee (kneecap) region
what does the palmar area cover and what is its landmark?
pertaining to the mouth
anterior
what does the pedal area cover and what is its landmark?
pertaining to the foot
anterior and posterior
what does the pelvic area cover and what is its landmark?
pertaining to the pelvis region
anterior
what does the pollex area cover and what is its landmark?
pertaining to the thumb
anterior
what does the pubic area cover and what is its landmark?
pertaining to the genital region
anterior
what does the sternal area cover and what is its landmark?
pertaining to the region of the breastbone
anterior
what does the tarsal area cover and what is its landmark?
pertaining to the ankle
anterior
what does the thoracic area cover and what is its landmark?
pertaining to the chest
anterior
what does the umbilical area cover and what is its landmark?
pertaining to the naval
anterior
what does the calcaneal area cover and what is its landmark?
pertaining to the heel of the foot
posterior
what does the dorsum area cover and what is its landmark?
pertaining to the back
posterior
what does the gluteal area cover and what is its landmark?
pertaining to the buttocks or rump
posterior
what does the lumbar area cover and what is its landmark?
pertaining to the area of the back between the ribs and hips; the loin
posterior
what does the occipital area cover and what is its landmark?
pertaining to the posterior aspect of the head or base of the skull
what does the olecranal area cover and what is its landmark?
pertaining to the posterior aspect of the elbow
what does the otic area cover and what is its landmark?
pertaining to the ear
posterior
what does the perineal area cover and what is its landmark?
pertaining to the region between the anus and external genitalia
posterior
what does the plantar area cover and what is its landmark?
pertaining to the sole of the foot
posterior
what does the popliteal area cover and what is its landmark?
pertaining to the back of the knee
posterior
what does the sacral area cover and what is its landmark?
pertaining to the region between the hips (overlying the sacrum)
posterior
what does the scapular area cover and what is its landmark?
pertaining to the scapula or shoulder blade area
posterior
what does the sural area cover and what is its landmark?
pertaining to the calf or posterior surface of the leg
what does the vertebral area cover and what is its landmark?
pertaining to the area of the spinal column
posterior
explain the body orientation and direction of superior/inferior and give examples
above/below
along the long axis of the body
superior appear above other structures
inferior appear below other structures
example: the nose is superior to the mouth and the abdomen is inferior to the chest
explain the body orientation and direction of anterior/posterior and give examples
front/back
anterior are structures that are most forward, example: chest, face, and abdomen
posterior are structures that are toward the backside of the body
example: the spine is posterior to the heart
explain the body orientation and direction of medial/lateral and give examples
toward the midline/away from the midline or median plane
example: the sternum (breastbone) is medial to the ribs, the ear is lateral to the nose
what is cephalad (cranial)/caudal position
toward the head/toward the tail
in humans, u can use these interchangeably with superior/inferior
in animals, they are synonymous with anterior/posterior
what is dorsal/ventral position?
backside/belly side
assume animal is standing
dorsum is latin for back,therefore dorsal refers to animals backside
example: the posterior surface of the human leg is its dorsal surface
ventral is latin for belly (venter)
in humans, the terms ventral/dorsal are interchangeable with anterior/posterior
in animals, it is interchangeable with inferior/superior
what is proximal/distal position?
nearer the trunk or attached end/farther from the trunk or point of attachement
used to locate body limbs
example: the fingers are distal to the elbow
the knee is proximal to the toes
what is superficial (external)/deep (internal) position?
toward or at the body surface/away from the body surface
used to locate body organs according to their relative closeness to the body surface
example: skin is superficial to the skeletal muscle and lungs are deep to the rib cage
the wrist is ____ to the hand
proximal
the trachea (windpipe) is___ to the spine
anterior
the brain is ___ to the spinal cord
superior
cranial
the kidney are ____ to the liver
deep/internal
the nose is ___ to the cheekbones
medial
the thumb is ___ to the ring finger
lateral
the thorax is ____ to the abdomen
superior
the skin is __________ to the skeleton
superficial
aka for section
cut
what is a plane
when the section is made through the body wall or through and organ, it is made along an imaginary surface or line, called the plane
tell me about the three body planes and section
lie at the right angles to one another
1.sagittal plane: a plane that runs longitudinally and divides the body into right and left parts. If it divides the body into equal parts, right down the midline of the body, it is called a median, or midsagittal plane
2. frontal plane: aka coronal plane, is longitudinal plane that divides the body (or an organ) into anterior and posterior parts
3. transverse plane:runs horizontally, dividing the body into superior and inferior parts. when organs are sectioned along the transverse lane, they are called cross sections
what are the abbrevations for longitudinal section (sagittal or frontal) and cross sections?
longitudinal:1.s.
cross section: x.s. or c.s.
the axial portion of the body has two large cavities, what are they?
dorsal body cavity and ventral body cavity
the dorsal body cavity is divided into 2 subdivisions, what are they?
cranial cavity, which the brain is enclosed within the rigid skull
vertebral (or spinal) cavity, which the spinal cord is protected by the bony vertebral column
they are continuous with each other
the ventral body cavity is divided into 2 subdivision, what are they?
thoracic cavity, superior, dome shaped diaphragm, contains heart and lungs
abdominopelvic cavity, inferior, abdominal region contains stomach, intestines, liver, other organs, and the pelvic region contains reproductive organs, bladder, rectum.
what is serosa or serous membrane?
A exceedingly thin, double-layered membrane that lines the walls of the ventral body cavity and the outer surfaces of the organs
what is parietal serosa?
the part of the membrane lining the cavity wall
what is visceral serosa?
membrane lining covering the external surface of the organs within the cavity
what is peritoneum?
serosa lining in the abdominal cavity that covers the organs
what is pleura?
the serous membrane the encloses the lungs
what is pericardium?
the serious membrane that encloses the heart
what are quadrants?
divides the abdominopelvic area into four equal regions:
ruq,luq,rlq,llq
what is anatomical left and right?
left and right on the figure, not on yourself
what are the 9 regions of the abdominopelvic area?
right hypochondriac region, epigastric region, left hypochondriac region, right lumbar region, umbilical region, left lumbar region, right iliac (inguinal) region, hypogastric (pubic) region, and left iliac (inguinal) region
what does the right hypochondriac region hold?
liver, gallbladder
what does the epigastric region hold?
most of the stomach
immediately superior to the umbilical region
what does the left hypchondriac region hold?
diaphragm, part of the stomach
what does the right lumbar region hold?
ascending colon of the large intestine
what does the umbilical region hold?
small intestine and transverse colon of the large intestine
the centermost region
what does the left lumbar region hold?
descending colon of the large intestine
what does the right iliac (inguinal) region hold?
cecum, appendix
what does the hypogastric (pubic) region hold?
urinary bladder
inferior to the umbilica region
pubic area
what does the left iliac (inguinal) region hold?
initial part of the sigmoid colon
name two organs found in the left upper quadrant
stomach
left kidney
name two organs found in the right lower quadrant
cecum
appendix
what organ is divided into identical halves by the median plane?
urinary bladder
what do the iliac (inguinal) regions contain?
lateral to the hypogastric region and overyling the superior parts of the hip bones
what do the lumbar regions contain?
between the ribs and the flaring portions of the hip bones
lateral to the umbilical region
what do the hypochondriac regions contain?
flanking the epigastric region laterally
overlying the lower ribs
name the muscle that subdivides the ventral body cavities
skeletal musculature (connective tissue)
which organ system wound not be represented in any of the body cavities?
integumentary (skin)
what are the bony landmarks of the abdominopelvic cavity?
ribs
sternum
infrasternal angle
costal margin
what body cavity affords the least protection to its internal structures?
abdominal cavity
what is the function of the serous membranes of the body?
compartmentalize the various organs so that infection of one organ is prevented from spreading to another
what is the oral cavity and what does it contain?
aka mouth
contains tongue and teeth
continuous with the rest of the digestive tube, which opens to the exterior at the anus
what is the nasal cavity and what does it contain?
located within and posterior to the nose
is part of the passages of the respiratory system
what is the orbital cavity and what does it contain?
the orbital cavities orbits in the skull house the eyes and present them in an anterior position
what is the middle ear cavities?
each middle ear cavity lies just medial to an eardrum and is carved into the bony skull these cavities contain tiny bones that transmit sound vibrations to the organ of hearing in the inner ear
what is the synovial cavity?
are joint cavities, that are enclosed within fibrous capsules that surround the freely movable joints of the body, such as those between the vertebra and the knee and hip joints.
