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What are the four perspectives in Study of Personality?
- Psychoanalytic
- Behavioristic (including social cognitive theory)
- Humanistic
- Trait Perspective
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What is the 3, 3, 5 theory of personality of Freud?
- 3 Divisions of Consciousness
- 3 Parts of Personality
- 5 Psychosexual Stages
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What are the 3 Divisions of Consciousness?
- Preconscious mind
- Conscious mind
- Unconscious mind
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3 Divisions of Consciousness: Preconscious mind
information is available but not currently conscious
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3 Divisions of Consciousness: Conscious mind
aware of immediate surroundings and perceptions
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3 Divisions of Consciousness: Unconscious mind
thoughts, feelings, memories, and other information are kept that are not easily or voluntarily brought into consciousness
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Parts of Personality (Freud): Id
part of the personality present at birth and completely unconscious
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Parts of Personality (Freud): The Id operates according to the________.
Pleasure Principle
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Parts of Personality (Freud): What is the Pleasure Principle?
- principle by which the id functions
- the tendency to seek immediate gratification of any impulse
- seeks to avoid pain or unpleasure
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Parts of Personality (Freud): The id contains ______ the primal sexuality and pursuit of sensual gratification driving human behavior.
libido
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Parts of Personality (Freud): Ego
part of the personality that develops out of a need to deal with reality, mostly conscious, rational, and logical.
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Parts of Personality (Freud): The ego's control of the pleasure-seeking activity of the id in order to meet the demands of the external world is known as the __________.
reality principle
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Parts of Personality (Freud): Superego
part of the personality that acts as a moral center
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Parts of Personality (Freud): What are the two parts of the superego?
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Parts of Personality (Freud): Ego ideal
part of the superego that contains standards for moral behavior
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Parts of Personality (Freud): Conscience
part of the superego that produces pride or guilt, depending on how well behavior matches or does not match the superego
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Psychological defense mechanisms
unconscious distortions of a person's perception of reality that reduce stress and anxiety
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What are examples of psychological defense mechanisms?
- Denial
- Repression
- Rationalization
- Projection
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Freud's Psychosexual stages
five stages of personality development proposed by Freud and tied to the sexual development of the child
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Freud's Psychosexual stage: Oral Stage
- first stage occurring in the first year of life
- the mouth is the erogenous zone
- conflict: weaning (off oral behaviors: bottle, binkie, thumb sucking, etc.)
- id dominated
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Freud's Psychosexual stage: Oral Fixation
can result when a child is weaned to soon or to late
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Freud's Psychosexual stage: Anal Stage
- 1 - 3 years
- anus is the erogenous zone
- conflict: toilet training
- ego develops
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Freud's Psychosexual stage: Anal expulsive personality
fixated in the anal stage and is messy, destructive, and hostile
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Freud's Psychosexual stage: Anal retentive personality
fixated in the anal stage and is neat, fussy, stingy, and stubborn
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Freud's Psychosexual stage: Phallic stage
- third stage
- ~ age 3 - 6 years
- the child discovers sexual feelings
- superego develops
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Freud's Psychosexual stages: Oedipus complex
situation occurring in the phallic stage in which a male child develops a sexual attraction to his mother and jealousy towards his father
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Freud's Psychosexual stages: What is the Oedipus complex for female children?
Electra Complex
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Freud's Psychosexual stages: Latency
- fourth stage
- occurs during the school years
- the sexual feelings of the child are repressed while the child develops in other ways
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Freud's Psychosexual stages: Genital
sexual feelings reawaken with appropriate targets
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Modern Psychoanalytic Theory: Current research has found support for what two parts of Freud's theory?
- Defense mechanisms
- Concept of an unconscious mind that can influence conscious behavior
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Behaviorism and Personality
define personality as a set of learned responses or habits
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Behaviorism: What are habits?
sets of well-learned responses that have become automatic
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Behaviorism: How is personality shaped from a Behaviorist's point of view?
based on learned patterns directly (positive/negative reinforcement) or indirectly (observation/modeling)
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Behaviorism: Social Cognitive Learning Theorists
importance of both the influences of other people's behaviors and of a person's own expectancies on learning
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Behaviorism: Social Cognitive View
learning theory that includes cognitive processes such as anticipating, judging, memory, and imitation of models
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Behaviorism: Reciprocal Determinism
Bandura's explanation of how the factors of environment, personal characteristics, and behavior can interact to determine future behavior
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Behaviorism: Self-efficacy
individual's perception of how effective a behavior will be in any particular circumstance (NOT the same as self-esteem)
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Humanism: Perspective
the "third force" in psychology that focuses on those aspects of personality that make people uniquely human, such as subjective feelings and freedom of choice
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Humanism: How was this perspective developed?
as a reaction against the negativity of psychoanalysis and the deterministic nature of behaviorism
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Humanism: Maslow and Rogers Main characteristics
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Measuring Personality: Projective Tests
personality assessments that present ambiguous visual stimuli to the client and ask the client to respond with whatever comes to mind
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Measuring Personality: Rorschach Inkblot Test
projective test that uses 10 inkblots as the ambiguous stimuli
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Measuring Personality: Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
projective test that uses 20 pictures of people in ambiguous situations as the visual stimuli
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Rorschach or Thematic Apperception Test?
Thematic Apperception Test
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Rorschach or Thematic Apperception Test?
Rorschach Inkblot Test
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