Biology Final

prokaryotes

DNA is in the cytoplasm of the cell

eukaryotes

DNA is in the nucleus of the cell

replication

the process of DNA making a copy of itself

messenger RNA (mRNA)

RNA copies the instructions for making proteins from DNA to the ribosome

transcription

when a nucleotide sequence of DNA is copied into a complementary sequence in RNA

in mRNA what a codon codes for

amino acid

mutation

change in DNA or RNA

deletion

when a chromosome loses a section

differentiation

why all cells have the same DNA, but a skin cell is a skin cell instead of a bone cell

hox gene

gene that determines where each body part goes when an embryo is developing

mutations

ultimate source of genetic variability

genetic engineering

making changes in the DNA of a living organism

gel electrophoresis

process used to separate and analyze DNA

recombinant DNA

DNA molecules that have been made by combining the DNA from two different sources

plasmid

the circular DNA found in some bacteria

transgenic organism

organisms that contain genes from other species

Enzyme that joins complementary nucleotides during DNA replication

DNA polymerase

allowing only those animals with desired characteristics to produce the next generation (like animals that are better hunters, better retrievers, or better companions)

selective breeding

one problem of inbreeding

genetics defects (for example blindness or joint deformities in dogs)

genetic markers

makes it possible to distinguish bacteria that carry the plasmid and foreign DNA from those that just have the plasmid

how to know if DNA transformation is successful

the recombinant DNA is integrated into one of the chromosomes of the cell

Dolly (a sheep)

name of first mammal that was successfully cloned

2 problems with cloned animals

genetic defects
health problems

46

number of chromosomes in a human

What percent of human egg cells carry the X sex chromosome?

What percent of sperm cells carry the Y sex chromosome?

What do viruses need in order to replicate themselves?

retrovirus

when a virus has a RNA core instead of a DNA core

pathogens

microorganisms that cause disease

Level of organization in a multicellular body from smallest to largest

Level of organization in a multicellular body from smallest to largest

homeostasis

the process that keeps internal systems in balance despite a changing external environment

feedback inhibition

the process in which a stimulus produces a response that is opposite to the original stimulus. These systems are very stable.

three types of neurons

sensory neurons

these carry impulses from the sense organs to the spinal cord and brain

motor neurons

these carry impulses from the brain and the spinal cord to muscles and glands

interneurons

these connect sensory and motor neurons and carry impulses between them

How are neurons classified?

How are neurons classified?

the function of the nervous system

to control and coordinate functions throughout the body and respond to internal and external stimuli

myelin sheath

increases the speed at which the impulse in a nerve can travel

threshold

the minimum level of a stimulus that is required to activate a neuron

cerebrum

cerebrum

cerebellum (location)
located at the back of the brain

located at the back of the brain
cerebellum (location)

cerebellum (function)
coordinates and balances the actions of the muscles so that the body can move gracefully and efficiently

coordinates and balances the actions of the muscles so that the body can move gracefully and efficiently
cerebellum (function)

brain stem
controls functions such as blood pressure, heart rate, breathing, and swallowing

controls functions such as blood pressure, heart rate, breathing, and swallowing
brain stem

Do reflexes involve sending sensory messages to the brain?
No

Where are photoreceptors located?
In the retina of the eye

Where are photoreceptors located?
In the retina of the eye

cones
photoreceptors that are used to see colors

photoreceptors that are used to see colors
cones

rods
photoreceptors that are very sensitive to light, but do not distinguish color

photoreceptors that are very sensitive to light, but do not distinguish color
rods

semicircular canals
These along with two tiny sacs containing fluid are lined with hair cells that send messages to the brain regarding head and body positions

These along with two tiny sacs containing fluid are lined with hair cells that send messages to the brain regarding head and body positions
semicircular canals

Function of the digestive system
This system coverts food into simpler molecules that can be absorbed and used by the cells of the body.

This system coverts food into simpler molecules that can be absorbed and used by the cells of the body.
Function of the digestive system

mouth
where chemical digestion begins

where chemical digestion begins
mouth

amylase
an enzymes in the salivary glands in the mouth that begins the breakdown of starches

an enzymes in the salivary glands in the mouth that begins the breakdown of starches
amylase

esophagus
food moves from the mouth to the stomach through this tube

food moves from the mouth to the stomach through this tube
esophagus

peristalsis
the muscle contractions that squeeze food through the length of the esophagus into the stomach

the muscle contractions that squeeze food through the length of the esophagus into the stomach
peristalsis

stomach
food from the esophagus empties into this large muscular sac

food from the esophagus empties into this large muscular sac
stomach

pancreas

an accessory organ in the digestive system that:
regulates blood sugar levels,
produces enzymes that break down carbohydrate, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids
neutralizes stomach acid by producing sodium bicarbonate



an accessory organ in the digestive system that:
regulates blood sugar levels,
produces enzymes that break down carbohydrate, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids
neutralizes stomach acid by producing sodium bicarbonate

sodium bicarbonate

the pancreas produce this to neutralize stomach acid

small intestine

in humans, where most of the chemical digestion of food takes place

bile

produced by the liver to aid in the digestion of fats

villi

its fingerlike projections increase the surface area of the small intestine

Water

absorbed from undigested food in the large intestine (colon)

Helicobacter pylori

bacteria that cause peptic ulcers (scientists used to believe that too much stomach acid was the cause)

nephrons

wastes from the blood are filtered out by millions of these in the kidney

urethra

urine is released to the outside of the body through this

kidney stones

these crystal formations from calcium, magnesium, or uric salts block the ureter, causing great pain

skin

the body's best nonspecific defense against pathogens

Is the inflammatory response specific or nonspecific?

Is the inflammatory response specific or nonspecific?

3 symptoms of the inflammatory response

pain
swelling
redness

Millions of these are produced during the inflammatory response by the immune system.

Millions of these are produced during the inflammatory response by the immune system.

vaccine

a weakened form of a pathogen is injected to help the body build a resistance to that pathogen

helper T cells

HIV weakens the immune system by destroying these

XY

sex chromosomes for a human male

XX

sex chromosomes for a human female

Sex-linked genes

genes that are mostly located on the X chromosome (a few are on the Y chromosome)

Why do sex-linked genes mostly affect males?

Why do sex-linked genes mostly affect males?

nondisjunction of chromosomes

When homologous chromosomes fail to separate during meiosis which can lead to an abnormal number of chromosomes in gametes which can lead to disorders such as Down Syndrome.

fossils

the preserved remains of ancient organisms

Galápagos Islands

the most important stop that Charles Darwin made in his travels aboard the HMS Beagle

Jean-Baptiste Lamarck

proposed that species change over time due to the selective use and disuse of traits that were then passed on to offspring

How does natural selection affect the evolution of a species?

How does natural selection affect the evolution of a species?

Does natural selection act directly on the genotype or phenotype of an organism?

Which pair of bones are homologous to each other?
bird wings & front legs of a cat
-or-
bat wings and fly wings

vestigial organs

an example is the very small rear leg bones in a whale since they are so small and no longer are any real benefit to the whale

There is a wide variety of height in the human population because height in humans is a single-gene trait or a polygenic trait?

geographic isolation

when 2 populations are separated by natural barriers such as rivers, mountains, or bodies of water

behavioral isolation

when 2 populations are capable of interbreeding but have differences in courtship ritual or other reproductive strategies that involve behavior

Fossils are usually found in _______ rock.

Which type of geologic dating utilizes index fossils?

radioactive isotopes

in radioactive dating, scientists calculate the age of a rock sample based on the amount of this remaining material

To date the age of an Egyptian mummy, would carbon-14 or radioactive dating be used?

Cenozoic Era

the geologic period when man first appeared

Precambrian Era

Nearly 90% of the Earth's history consists of this era when only simple microorganisms existed in the world

cocci

round shaped bacteria

bacilli

rod shaped bacteria

spiral shaped bacteria

spirilla

What does aerobic bacteria require in order to survive?

binary fission

bacteria use this process to reproduce asexually

conjugation

bacteria use this process to reproduce sexually

Why are nitrogen-fixing bacteria important to plants?

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